Macro and Micro Economics

Micro Economics:- Microeconomics is a branch of economics that analyzes the market behavior of individual consumers and firms in an attempt to understand the decision-making process of firms and households. It is concerned with the interaction between individual buyers and sellers and the factors that influence the choices made by buyers and sellers. In particular, microeconomics focuses on patterns of supply and demand and the determination of price and output in individual markets (e. g. coffee industry). Areas microeconomics covers: Supply and demand ?Competition ?Monopolies ?Profit and loss ?Opportunity cost Elasticity †¢Rigid laws:- Businesses may be doomed to be non starters due to restrictive business environment which may take the form of rigid government laws ( no polluting industry can ever be located in around 50 Km radius of the Taj) , state of competition ( Car manufacturing capacity presently in the country is far in excess of demand) etc. †¢Environment impact :- The present and future viability of an enterprise is impacted by the environment For eg no TV manufacturer can be expected to survive by making only B&W television sets when consumer preference has clearly shifted to color television sets. Key Inputs:- The availability of all key inputs like skilled labor , trained managers, raw materials, electricity, transportation, fuel etc are a factor of the business environment. †¢Public awareness:- Increasing public awareness of the negative aspects of certain industries like hand woven carpets (use of child labor ) , pesticides (damage to environment in the form of chemical residues in groundwater), plastic bags (choking of sewer lines) have resulted in the slow decline of some industries. †¢The Market:- Organizations closely monitor their customer markets in order to adjust to changing tastes and preferences. A market is people or organizations with wants to satisfy, money to spend, and the willingness to spend it. Each target market has distinct needs, which need to be monitored. It is imperative for an organization to know their customers, how to reach them and when customers' needs change in order to adjust its marketing efforts accordingly. The market is the focal point for all marketing decisions in an organization. †¢Marketing Intermediaries:- Physical distribution firms help the organization to stock and move products from their points of origin to their destinations. Warehouses store and protect the goods before they move to the next destination. Marketing service agencies help the organization target and promote its products and include marketing research firms, advertising agencies, and media firms. Financial intermediaries help finance transactions and insure against risks and include banks, credit unions, and insurance companies. Macro Economics:- Macroeconomics is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of the entire economy. This includes a national, regional, or global economy. Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, and price indices to understand how the whole economy functions. In Macroeconomics there are two areas of research that are emblematic of the discipline: the attempt to understand the causes and consequences of short-run fluctuations in national income (the business cycle), and the attempt to understand the determinants of long-run economic growth (increases in national income). Areas of macroeconomics covers: ?Money supply ?Interest rates ?Fiscal and monetary policy ?Unemployment ?Growth ?Inflation ?Inflation:- In recent years, a confluence of macroeconomic and industry-specific factors has led to record-high prices and unprecedented volatility in the global agricultural commodity markets. Specifically, simultaneous increases in demand and production costs along with intensifying supply-side pressures have led many experts to forecast extended periods of higher-than-average prices for many commodities. Farm-based commodities have recently experienced unprecedented growth in demand from both traditional and non-traditional sources. Traditional demand has increased primarily via worldwide population growth. The world’s population currently exceeds 6. 5 billion, is projected to reach nearly 9. 5 billion by 2050. Increases in demand have also been driven by global industrialization’s positive effect on disposable income in emerging economies like China and India. As a result, citizens of these countries have begun to shift away from the grain-centric diet of developing countries to the protein-rich diet common to countries with higher per capita GDP. Because, on average, one pound of protein requires nearly seven pounds of grain to produce, the increase in demand for meat has a large multiplier effect on the demand for grain. Moreover, increased globalization, free trade, and currency exchange considerations have increased agriculture-based exports from producing countries like the U. S. Canada, and Australia, as well as Europe and South America, which has increased competition and intensified demand on a global scale. In addition to traditional food-related demand, coarse grains such as corn, sorghum, barley, oats, and rye and edible oils and edible oil products have experienced exponential demand growth due to the rapidly expanding biofuels initiative in the United States, Brazil, and the European Union. The World Bank estimated that nearly all of the increase in global corn production between 2004-2007 was used for biofuels production in the United States. Moreover, as evidenced by Congress’s recent mandate to increase domestic ethanol production nearly five-fold by 2022, the biofuels component of agricultural commodity demand is not likely to decline in the near, or even intermediate, future. Most agricultural commodities are also experiencing significant supply-side pressure from a variety of sources. Recently, the global supply of agricultural commodities has been severely affected by unfavorable weather conditions (e. g. , droughts, flooding, and freezes) in several regions, including the U. S. , Europe, Canada, Argentina, Ukraine, and Russia. As a result, global stockpiles of agricultural commodities have fallen to their lowest levels in many years. At the same time, increased competition for productive crop land and the reconfiguration of planting decisions to maximize returns from biofuels-related plantings (e. g. , corn and soybeans) have drastically affected the supplies of most agriculture commodities. Significant increases in production costs, led by record oil and fertilizer prices, and increasing scarcity of productive farmland and sufficient and accessible water supplies have further contributed to limits on worldwide production capacity. Finally, political unrest in producing countries has slowed or stopped production on otherwise physically productive land, further tightening supplies. Unlike many other commodities, agricultural commodities are crucial to the survival of nations. In a recent study, researchers concluded that nearly 60 percent of all global conflicts over the past two decades have been primarily driven by disputes related to food, land, or water. Recent spikes in food prices have lead to food smuggling in some countries and riots in others. Because of the universal necessity for food and the irreplaceable role that agricultural commodities have in worldwide food production, market analysts, including the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) predict that â€Å"when commodity supplies eventually recover and prices moderate from current high levels, the new equilibrium prices will be significantly higher than has traditionally been observed during periods of market balance. † As summarized in the table below, even when the volatility is removed from short-term prices, long-run ommodity price projections forecast equilibrium prices for most major crops that are 19 to 110 percent higher than their recent five-year average. The preceding analysis suggests agribusiness and agricultural-related firms may present interesting investment opportunities. Companies with operations and/or substantial investments in one or more key grain producing nations, such as the U. S. , Canada, Europe, Russia, Brazil, an d China, may be favorable over countries operating primarily in resource poor nations. Companies with significant command over their supply chain are likely to display significant operating advantages, but because of the capital-intensive nature of the industry, especially for companies with significant supply chain investment, firms with low debt, good credit rating, and/or relatively easy access to credit markets are preferred in light of current global economic conditions. Moreover, any company with significant supply chain investment should be providing logistical synergies and optimizing efficient operation of all its assets. In particular, companies that invest in technology to produce more robust, more efficient farmland and crops may provide unique opportunities for investment in the short- and intermediate-term. In summary, although current prices and volatility may not be sustainable in the long term, the long-term factors affecting agricultural commodities will most likely result in an extended period of high, although not necessarily record, prices. As a result, investments in agriculturally-oriented firms appear to be promising over intermediate- and long-term horizons.

A Film Adaptation of One Hundred Years of Solitude Essay

We have reached an age, where most things are done through TV and cinema. It is unfortunate many people do not read many books anymore. People would rather sit for a few hours in a dark room eating popcorn and watching a screen. In my opinion it is necessary for more books to be adapted in films. Some people might argue whether a great book such as Madame Bovary and The Great Gatsby can shine in the same light with a film adaptation. With the film techniques available and the great talent this is very possible. I am a strong believer that watching an excellent movie on Pride and Prejudice or any other literary masterpiece is equal to reading the book. For this reason I have taken on the responsibility of adapting chapter 1 of One Hundred Years of Solitude. One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez is a novel about a family, the Buendias living in a town called Macondo. The novel is postmodern. There are many instances where time jumps around. Along with the postmodernism feel there is also an element of magical realism. The magical realism is where characters can do things that are not possible in real life. In example of this is Remedios’s ability to fly in the air and go away. The elements of postmodern and magical realism make One Hundred Years of Solitude a difficult novel to adapt. For this particular paper I have chosen to adapt chapter 1. Chapter 1 includes flashbacks, magical realism, and the encounters with the gypsies. I have chosen chapter 1 because it includes the elements the novel is based on. The title of my film on One Hundred Years of Solitude is Opportunity. The main reason I have chosen this title because it is rooted in the last sentence of the novel, â€Å"†¦Aureliano Babilonia would finish deciphering the parchments, and that everything written on them was unrepeatable since time immemorial and forever more, because races condemned to one hundred year of solitude did not have a second opportunity on earth (Gabriel Garcia Marquez 448). In this quote, Marquez discusses how civilization with cease to be if there continues to be the solitude that is outlined in One Hundred Years of Solitude. Because the Buendia was the first attempt at a ‘perfect’ world, I have called it Opportunity, since this family was the first opportunity at the ‘utopia’. By adapting chapter 1 of One Hundred Years of Solitude I hope to show that a film can be just as or better than the novel it is based on. One Hundred Years of Solitude is an excellent choice for a film because more and more, films are becoming postmodern and One Hundred Years of Solitude is a prime example of postmodernism. Also, this film would serve as a great tool to show the history of Latin America, as it is a microcosm of it..

C-section essays

C-section essays Lets cut to the uterus and get the fetus out. The purpose of this paper is to inform you of the possible complications during pregnancy and delivery. You will learn about the possibility of having placenta previa and placenta abruption. You will also understand how ultrasounds and cesarean sections are performed. Hopefully you will never have any of these complications or conditions but if you do you will have knowledge about them and be able to better take care of yourself and unborn child. A cesarean section is a surgical procedure where a doctor makes an incision in a womans abdomen and uterus walls to remove a baby. Approximately 22-25% of all births in the United States are by cesarean section. (Giving birth by cesarean section.) There is nothing new about cesarean section as it is mentioned in both eastern and western cultures in folklore in the 1500s. The earliest use of a cesarean section was extracting a fetus from a dead or dying mother for religious reasons. A Swiss farmer carried out the first recorded cesarean in which the mother and baby survived in the 1500s also. Cesarean sections that were performed between 1787 and 1876 that were recorded showed that not a single Parisian woman survived the surgery. Due to better antiseptic practices and anesthesia in the 1980 a cesarean section proved to be a safe surgical procedure. However in the 1980s cesarean sections grew to represent nearly 25% of all deliveries. (C-sections: Then and now.) Doctors do not always decide to perform a cesarean section until labor has started unless there are complications with the pregnancy. There are numerous reasons why a cesarean might be the only way to give birth. I will give a couple examples and explain them as to why a cesarean section is the best choice for an outcome of a healthy mother and child in these examples. Early in the pregnancy most doctors like to give the pregnant wo...

Cloning is Wrong essays

Cloning is Wrong essays Cloning should never be done to humans or any other of Gods creations. The internet has many examples of why cloning should not be done. even the encyclopedia has articles against cloning. Cloning is a threat to the human race, immoral, and we should never allow it to take place. First lets talk about Recombiant DNA. The Websters World Dictionary gave this definition for Recombiant DN@ DNA formed in the laboratory by splicing together pieces of DNA from different species, as to create new life forms. This is wrong why would anyone want to create a new life form? The effects could be very dangerous the life on the earth. The author on recombiant DNA says: Public reaction to the use of recombiant DNA in the genetic engineering has been mixed. The production of medicines through the use of genetically altered organisms has generally been welcomed. However, critics of the recombiant DNA experiments might develop extremely infectious forms that could cause world wide epidemic. In an effort to prevent such an occurrence the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has established regulations restricting the types of recombiant DNA experiments that can be preformed using such pathogens. If the cloning and combing of disease-caused organisms were done, it could cause extremely large amounts of illness and death. Why would anyone want to inflict that upon the living creatures of our earth? The human race is in no need of new diseases that we havent got a cure for. What could happen to the human race if man was cloned? Aaron Hawley, a high school student who has researched cloning, put some of the information on a web site. Aaron says, The largest problem with the use of cloning on a large scale would be the decline of genetic diversity (www.vub.org/apvio/clone/wrong/htm). If we do clone humans on a large scale, every clone would be made from the same genetic material. If we s ...

Analysis Of The Wanderer Religion Essay

Analysis Of The Wanderer Religion Essay The Wanderer's brave practices were centered on God and Destiny. He was thought that people's lifestyles were managed by them and may "place males into jobs where it appears difficult in order for them to arise with recognition" are evaluated by their option that they execute their goal that was selected . The bravery to avoid the fate of one caused the thought of Popularity, which "is not anything lesser than Destiny": will's effectiveness and also human beings' bravery, and also the storage that could protect their actions. He'd to possess bravery since it frequently intended experiencing excellent bodily struggles, comprehending that he'd probably die if he opposed his destiny. However the Wanderer prefer to die within an early, death that is brave, attempting to accomplish Popularity in the place of resting back and doing nothing, since " he is never died for by Popularity ". The unhappy wanderer prays frequently for empathy And from mercy from Lord God; however for quite a long time. Future decrees that having a large heart he should drop. Their oars into frozen seas, operating his pasaje within the ocean. He must-follow exile.Fate's pathways is inexorable! . The Wandereris faith incorporated an afterlife's perception in Heck or Paradise; he'd devoted during his existence wherever one went relied about the sins. Since where one went in his afterlife come from his steps, Christians didn't have confidence in Fate's concept. Alternatively they respected within God's justice. Catastrophe and beat were more straightforward to comprehend within this faith. Although one endured on the planet, but brought a great lifestyle dedicated to Lord; this is exactly why the wanderer thought that he'd be compensated for his suffering within the Paradise. Funeral may be the compliment of dwelling males After his demise, he should abandon He'll did great actions on the planet against The malice of his enemies, and respectable works From the demon, the kids of males Might reward after him, and his beauty reside For good using the angels within the elegance. (lines 90-93) Where's the mount gone? Where the person? Where gold's provider? Where's he eating location? I mourn the soldier in his corselet, the sparkling mug. The prince's beauty. On the subject of the setting, emotions of the wanderer after demise of his lord differentiate two types of configurations: a real setting, which means isolation of location without his Master, a lonely spot completed by dim dunes, seabirds, etc. Along with a religious environment, making mention of the wandereris center, who recalls his friend's isolation: God and his Master. For that wanderer, all the actual world's pleasures are eliminated. He's no mead area to contact no other kinsmen to safeguard him, no master to function, and their own. Their world continues to be changed into a mystical and unfamiliar organization. He understands the only genuine friend to 1 who's exiled is sorrow that is vicious and he chooses he isn't any longer likely to turn to supply sadnessis and yesteryear fire, but instead turn to the near future and extinguish sorrow. Where they're accepted and in a position to improve their existence like a fellow-man of the hall their wish would be to ultimately arrived at a brand new empire. The wanderer completely realizes that his destiny is set. He'll travel often looking for a brand new people utilizing wish as his way of answer. He that has had long to forgot the lawyer of the precious master knows certainly how, when sadness and rest together join poor people occupant-alone, it'll appear to him in his brain he is adopting and acquiring his liege lord and installing his fingers and his directly his leg, because it some occasions was within the past when he got part within the present-providing. This passing present us the wandereris sadness makes him realizad he has become their own target by permitting sadness to "hole" him alone while he rests. When he wants him he must-stop lamenting about his aged master and discover a brand new the one that may never leave him and continually be there. He'll quickly arrived at the conclusion the only master he'll actually discover that'll welcome him is God. The wanderer focusing on the institution of the religious escape path from all of the injured and discomfort that has affected him and is actually throwing away his need of the real planet. It required being exiled to achieve of comprehending that correct satisfaction originates from within the knowledge. "...this middle earth every day drops and fails ". He understands he should make an effort to acquire the approval of the being that is greater than that of the planet that is known; or individual lifestyle proceeds to beat him. And he currently should make an effort to turn into an area of the the Heavens: "No guy might certainly become smart before he's had his share of knowledge nowadays's kingdom" The Wanderer would be cared for by the signal of the comitatus; he permitted to eat in Mead Places, and the lord might compensate his topic with items if a he was faithful to his master. "The Wanderer" is mimetic once the speakers think about benefits and the dinner places throughout the Anglo Saxon times. Individual encounter or whether declaration, these are occasions which in fact happened in Anglo-Saxon period that is. They're not merely stanzas of hype written by an inventive writer; this poetry is insights of the life span of the Anglo Saxon tradition, encounters of the folks, the circumstances which are created, specifically, the exiles and divorce from lords, are certainly trae of the Wanderer. As pagan, they thought in several gods, however they also thought firmly in pagan brave practices that dominated literature and their culture. The wanderer appears to think for doing this that by performing great works and dealing with paradise, one may acquire popularity. He also still thinks within the pagan viewpoint of Fortune: "However fate is mightier, God is stronger than any guy may know.".Even although he believes the one and just true God produces oneis future; this is exactly why they can not escape in the customs of the Anglo Saxon period. Like a summary "The Wanderer", an poetry provide us, as visitors in contemporary times globe about how exactly existence was for that Anglo-Saxons a peek within the early generations. This encounter or declaration of the time display the way the Anglo Saxon culture was structured and also the need for god to his comitatus; customs and also the perception of God and Destiny; the Wanderer requires about values of his faith, and display the primary battle of the tradition throughout that period: the move from Paganism to Christianity.

Stationary Cameras and Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stationary Cameras and Crime - Essay Example Different types of data were collected from this study. Firstly the people were asked to identify various crimes that took place in their locality. A nominal measurement scale which categorizes variables was used to collect data pertaining to different types of crime perpetrated in the locality. The majority of the people stated different types of crime like killing, attempted rape, physical assaults, robbery that took place. Secondly the people were asked to rate the crimes that were perpetrated in the order of the most frequently occurring crime. The ordinal data which indicates the order of attributes studied was measured on the scale of most frequently occurring crime on one extreme and the least occurring crime on the other end. The result showed that most of the people interviewed considered robbery and attempted rape as the most frequently occurring crime. Similarly killing was rated as the least occurring crime. Next there were questions pertaining to the usefulness of statio nary cameras for reducing crime. For this purpose, interval scales were used where all the levels of the scale are equal and which provide quantitative information. On a scale of one to five the respondents were asked to measure the use of cameras in reducing crime. It was found that the majority of the people considered it a very useful tool for combating crime. Finally open ended questions were presented to describe whether the crime rate has reduced after installing the cameras. Ratio scales which enable ratio comparisons were used to measure the amount of reduction in the crime rate. For this purpose the local authorities were questioned regarding the amount of cases registered after the installation of stationary cameras. It was found that there was reduction in the registered cases by 85 percent. Validity and reliability This test possesses three types of validity. First internal validity; the ratio scales and the interval scales showed that the use of cameras was effective in reducing crime. Thus it is seen that there is a causal relationship between the two variables which states its internal validity. Secondly the two variables also show a positive relationship which states their conclusion validity. Finally the construct validity is established as the study was successful in measuring the outcome of installation of cameras. The study however lacks external validity. These results cannot be generalized as they deal only with that particular location which is crime prone. A similar study would yield different results where the types and degrees of crime perpetrated as well as the locality is different. The test also possesses three types of reliability. First is the inter-rater reliability. The results showed that the majority of the people were in agreement of the types of crime perpetrated as wel l as the effectiveness of the stationary cameras in combating crime. This result established the inter-rater reliability. The second is the internal consistency reliability. The study showed that the majority of the people answered positively on the use of cameras as well as the reduction in crime rate after the installation. The study however lacks the test-retest reliability. The results of the study were obtained during a single occasion. As

Well-Being And Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Well-Being And Education - Essay Example It is an ambiguous term used widely and frequently in public discourse. Well being can be viewed as a positive mental condition, originally embraced by some scholars as a way of focusing on satisfaction with life and health, as opposed on the focus on mental illnesses and its cures. In a dynamic way of viewing it, â€Å"Well being|† is a state in which a person is able to develop his or her creativity, productivity, potential, and work. It helps one-build positive and strong relationships with others as well as contributes largely to their communities. It is through education that an individual’s well being can enhance a sense of purpose in the society (Kennedy, 2006 45-6). Promoting well being is a legitimate aim of education. Many professionals in the education sector firmly perceive that their work makes individuals have a high self-esteem and have a positive view of their lives. Research shows that most of the adult learners gain evidently in optimism and confidence because of successful learning. Such experiences have also been realized by most practitioners in workplaces, communities, and in colleges. There are numerous justifications for considering the promotion of well being legitimate in education. Apart from being desirable in itself, it has a positive view on the future and a feeling of one’s ability to control his life are crucial to further, on-going successful learning. ... Most importantly, well being creates a focus on the emotional and social features of effective learning including managing feelings, empathy, self-awareness, social skills, and motivation. Educationists typically gauge the well-being of students in terms of test scores, academic achievement, university entrance trends, attendance records, engagement, or success in up to date accountability culture, and international league. The paper presents that promotion of well being is a legitimate aim of education in an exploration of wellness in schools to achieve an overall consideration of this issue. Well being is the foundation or basis on which academic excellence is build and the exemplary behavior is prized. It is quite logical to argue that well being and achievement of learners go hand in hand (Noddings, 1995, 41-2). Indeed, people who have received quality education say that they have the satisfaction in life and that they carry out worthwhile activities. However, it is not always tr ue that education necessarily brings about happiness. The well-being of a learner is as well affected by the way he or she feels, including the health factor. Well being as a legitimate aim of education It is a justifiable aim of education; after all, education is goal-oriented. Moreover, when it comes to parents educating their children, it is believed that well being is a goal worth of pursuit their goals. As a relatively educational, goal, well being is assumed to prepare learners to develop into independent critical thinkers as ethically responsible citizens. It is a global requirement or legal expectation of the whole world that all children get access to universal education for a common good. Education