How does Owen explore horror of war? Essay

In the poem ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ Owen effectively discusses the true sadness and horror about war, of young men ushered by the home-front, in particular the women and the church to go to war to achieve honour and recognition. However the men who go to war become mentally and physically disabled from the violence and inhumane nature of war through the great loss of life. The young soldiers receive no honour from war and there was a great lack of recognition for them. The soldiers became dependent on the community at home after becoming disabled and before growing and experiencing independence, losing all quality of life. In the poem ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’, Owen explores the concept of the mental trauma suffered by the soldiers using first person â€Å" In all my dreams before my helpless sight† to emphasize the extensive amount of mental trauma the soldiers suffered during war. The word choice of ‘dreams’ highlights the irony in this quote where even a scene as horrifying as this, is still incomparable to other encounters that he would qualify as nightmares. This idea is further explored in the inclusive language â€Å"If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood come†¦ from the froth-corrupted lungs† the inclusive language and truncated sentence shocks the readers with horrifying depiction of a gas attack. The tone of reflection and horror emphasises the traumatic experience of the soldier and how he will always be haunted by it. Owen further explores the horrors of war in ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ where he describes the soldiers experiences with such confronting images that it shocks and horrifies the readers, for example â€Å" Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues† the truncated sentence is used effectively to highlight and describe the horrifying image of the soldiers appearance after being gassed at war. The commas in the truncated sentence slow down the pace of the poem to make the readers fully grasp and imagine the sight. Owen has also used hyperbole â€Å" Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots† to further exaggerate the extremities of the conditions of the soldiers, where they were so tired they appeared to be sleeping. The illusion in ‘Many had lost their boots’ further illustrates the tremendous amount of physical damage. Boots were considered to be the most important protection at war from becoming lame from trench foot or any other infections caused by the sludge they walked through. The mention of losing their boots dictates just how poor the soldier’s conditions were. Owen’s tone is pitiful and sad because of the extreme physical condition of the soldiers were so horrific that they were life threatening, and were all for nothing as the soldiers who went to war for honour and recognition, never received any. The horrors of war is explored by Owen through sadness of the loss of youth in the war and lack of quality of life and recognition for the soldiers â€Å" My friend, you would not tell with such high zest to children ardent for some desperate glory the old Lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria Mori† The archaic language of ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est, Pro Patria Mori’ means ‘it is sweet and honourable to die for our country’. Owen uses the latin phrase to challenge the home-fronts notions of the honour in war by using one of the foundations of this belief. The use inclusive language of ‘my friend’ is used to speak directly to the reader as to create a greater understanding of Owens objection of the notions at the home-front surrounding war between them. The words ‘my friend’ are also used sarcastically by Owen as he blames the home-front for the loss of youth. In the quote, Owens tone is angry, guilty and pitiful for what the young soldiers experience, Owen uses capitol letter â€Å"Lie† to emphasize the importance of the word to the reader. The poet uses structure to highlight the horror of war â€Å"Gas!Gas! Quick,Boys!† the alliteration of the G is harsh and creates a sound of soldiers running to save their lives, also the uses of the exclamation marks are used to make the poem more conversational which makes the reader more emotionally involved through the poem. The structure is 4 unequal stanzas the stanzas vary in length to give the impression of the soldiers drifting in and out of consciousness, either through fatigue or through the gas attack. The poem’s structure is to see it as being based on two sonnets. The first one, with one stanza of 8 lines and one of 6 follows the stanza form, if not the rhyme structure of the classical Petrarchan sonnet. The second one could be seen as being an inversion of the stanza form of the Shakespearians sonnet( 3 quatrains or 12 lines plus a final couplet). Owen uses rhythm and rhyme â€Å"sacks-backs, sludge-trudge, boots-hoots† to convey the idea of soldiers marching. In conclusion Owen uses a variety of techniques such as simile, alliteration and rhymes to convey the horror of war; also by using good diction, vivid comparisons, and graphic images to have the reader feel disgusted at what war is capable of. This poem is extremely effective as an anti-war poem, making war seem absolutely horrid and futile.

Pollution Effects and Counter Measures Essay

The impact of human activity on our environment cannot be denied. Many aspects of today’s environmental problems are only now coming to light as scientists explore the causes and effects of human impact on the world around us. Today’s generation has seen both unwarranted skepticism and exaggeration on both sides of the debate on how close we are to an environmental catastrophe. Although, as Frederick Buell wrote, as of today our world â€Å"has not ended; eco-apocalypse hasn’t happened. Yet people today also accept the fact that they live in the shadow of environmental problems so severe that they constitute a crisis† (xii). While it is easier to understand the problems we face today by classifying human activity and its consequences into neatly defined, cause-and-effect relationships, it is important to realize that all of these causes and effects interact in a complex web to bring about an environmental crisis. That said, pollution is one of the most widespread results of human activity, encompassing a broad range of substances with pervasive effects. The effect of pollutants on our environment is one of the most widely publicized factors contributing to its degradation. And deservedly so; pollutants are diverse, and pollution takes many forms, but the effect of unchecked pollution is rapid, extensive, and often dramatic in its visual manifestations. Finally, in many cases pollution defies geographical and political boundaries, making it an international concern, and controlling it will require the involvement of citizens and organizations from all levels of society. Pollution involves the introduction of pollutants into the environment, and it is commonly organized into major categories – air, soil, and water – based on which component of the environment is affected. Other forms of pollution are classified based on the nature of the pollutant, and these include radiation pollution, biological pollution, and noise pollution. Scientists have developed many ways of gauging the level of pollution, or of a specific pollutant within the environment, but when one considers the direct impact of pollution on human health, it is exposure that matters more than the concentration of pollutants. In the environmental pathway, exposure to a certain concentration of a pollutant is what determines the actual dose of the pollutant in the exposed individual, and this is what leads to possible health consequences (Akbar et al., 62). In many cases, pollution is an occupational hazard, posing the greatest danger to people who suffer the most exposure as part of their daily lives. With some pollutants, however, the effects are indirect, not affecting an individual’s health, but impacting a society’s resources and economy in subtle ways. Even with the increased environmental awareness in modern society, it is surprising how many people still see nothing wrong simply because they are not directly affected by pollution. The purpose of this research is to give an overview of the different classes of pollution, how they affect society on different levels, and some of the measures that can help to prevent or reduce its spread. When one thinks of air pollution, perhaps the first image that comes to mind is that of a smog-filled skyline of a major city, through which a hazy sun barely shines. However, exposure to the outdoor smog in a polluted city is not the main source of pollutant dosage. Most of the actual human exposure to air pollution occurs indoors, simply because that is where most people spend most of their time (Akbar et al., 61). Just as the health risks of polluted water can be minimized by treatment, the risks posed by polluted air (namely, cardiovascular and respiratory disease) can be lessened by using proper filters within homes and offices. While it is possible to keep the indoor air quality under control, improving atmospheric air quality will require a collective effort on a much larger scale. Major sources of worldwide pollutant emissions are industrial operations, power plants, road vehicles, forest fires, and the incineration of refuse. Vehicular emissions are not only limited to exhaust, but also include emissions from the wear of tires and brakes and the road surface itself, which makes it difficult to come up with an accurate estimate of total vehicular emissions. Many of these sources of emissions are similarly difficult to quantify, but the overall statistics show that air pollution trends are higher in developing countries, and above the national average in megacities (Akbar et al., 36). This reflects a general trend of better environmental awareness, and environment protection programs that have been implemented for a longer time in well-developed, industrialized countries. For some pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide – a product of the combustion of fossil fuels – the global trend shows a decrease, but for other emissions there is no such evidence (Akbar et al., 49). Clearly, although industrialized countries like America have been consciously reducing some emissions for a longer time than other countries in the developing world, there is much that still needs to be done on an international level. Former United States Vice President Al Gore sums up the nature of the problem regarding the public attitude: †¦Our continued dependence of imported oil†¦is connected to the same pattern that leads us to put 70 million tons of global warming pollution into the earth’s atmosphere every 24 hours around the world, as if it was an open sewer. And pretending that that doesn’t have consequence, when there’s signs to tell us it definitely does†¦that’s really the essence of this problem. But because it’s so pervasive, in order to change it, we really have to have a sea change in public opinion in this country and around the world before the politicians and the government leaders in every nation will have the courage to do what really is necessary. (Interview with Al Gore, 2007) The second major category of pollution is soil pollution. The composition of soil is an important factor in an ecosystem, affecting what types of vegetation are able to take root and survive, and by extension, what species of animals will thrive in the area. Soil also retains water, and pollution of the soil often spreads to ground water tables. When soil is contaminated by pollutants – usually in the form of heavy metals that disrupt the balance and composition of the soil – it is often harder to detect, and difficult to determine the extent of the pollution. Such contamination typically results from direct deposition of pollutants into the soil. Landfills and waste heaps contain pollutants which gradually leach into the soil, and some of the particles in polluted air fall to the ground, where water runoff and seepage can spread the pollutants and lodge them into the soil. Operations in the mining industry, when improperly managed, can cause long-term damage to the soil, and to the environment as a whole. Jared Diamond cites Montana as a case study of the damage that the mining industry can do to the environment, saying it has â€Å"about 20,000 abandoned mines, some of them recent but many of them a century or more old, that will be leaking acid and†¦toxic metals essentially forever† (36). In most cases, these mines have no surviving owners, or the owners are financially unable to reclaim their property and manage its wastes. The relationship between the soil and the rest of the environment is complex, and much remains to be understood before a standard set of indicators and benchmarks can be used to monitor the quality of all soils. While these subtle relationships and interactions are being actively studied by scientists, land management can be improved and better implemented to lessen the impact of activities such as agriculture and mining, by regulating waste disposal and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. As an example, many farmers practice plowing their fields close to the edge of rivers or streams, and letting their livestock graze at the edge. This practice actually contributes to the erosion of riverbanks and diffusion of agricultural wastes into water. Careful management of land and soil resources can prevent soil erosion, which in turn will lessen the deposition of silt in freshwater areas that may be important habitats or breeding sites for species like salmon. (Environment Agency). Public pressure is necessary for the government to pass laws that will enforce mining companies to take charge of cleaning up their mines; the main responsibility lies with the American public, to be more active and vocal in protecting the environment (Diamond, 38). Water’s properties as a solvent are familiar to everyone, thus it should not be surprising that water is particularly vulnerable to contamination. The flow of bodies of water, as well as water runoff from precipitation, can disperse a high volume of pollutants over the course of a year. Water’s cycle in the environment has unique implications for the spread of pollution, and the various pollutants and contaminants of water comprise the third major category of pollution. Bodies of water can be polluted by point sources, such as sewage treatment plants, or they may be polluted through diffusion. Diffuse pollution can come from misconnected drains in households, leaching of surface wastes into groundwater, or runoff of toxic substances that have been deposited on land. Inland precipitation (in the form of rain) creates water runoff, which drains into larger bodies of water, carrying with it some deposited pollutants from the atmosphere and many untreated wastes that have been improperly disposed of. Oil from roadways and motor vehicles, excess agricultural fertilizer, and assorted litter from the land, can be washed into rivers and out to sea, where the scale of dispersal makes it very difficult to treat the pollution. In fact, the volume of pollution deposited by water from runoff can exceed that of an oil spill. In Puget Sound in the Pacific Northwest, for example, each year from 2000 to 2006 roughly 22,580 metric tons of oil and petroleum products are deposited by runoff, compared to less than 1,000 metric tons from direct oil spills (Dodge). The deterioration of water quality leads to obvious consequences for human consumption. Freshwater with excessive levels of certain pollutants becomes unsafe to drink, and seawater can lose its ability to sustain biodiversity, negatively impacting the fishing industry. Agricultural runoff contains nitrates and phosphates, which are important nutrients for many organisms, but in excessive concentrations in bodies of water they lead to explosions in the population of certain microorganisms (a phenomenon sometimes known as â€Å"algal blooms†). This leads to an overall decrease in dissolved oxygen content in the water, which harms other species, mainly fish, by disrupting spawning and breeding patterns, and can lead to massive deaths in certain species when oxygen levels are depleted (Environment Agency). Thermal pollution of water can occur when a large volume of water is used for cooling purposes in processes that release large amounts of heat. Electrical stations use water for this purpose, and subsequently release it into the environment. This water is considerably warmer than the rest of the water in the environment, and brings a corresponding rise in temperature to the entire body of water where it is released. This again reduces the capacity of water to hold dissolved oxygen, with the same effects described above (Lourenco and Neves). With most point sources of water pollution under regulation, the biggest source of water pollution is diffusion. If the source of pollution cannot be pinpointed, the processes that create or contribute to diffuse pollution have to be more strictly managed. Since 2003, European legislation has created a Water Framework Directive (WFD) to actively assess the standards of water usage with chemical, biological, and physical tests. The WFD monitors all bodies of water (including ground water reserves and artificial reservoirs) with the ultimate goal of reducing water pollution in the United Kingdom and all EU member states by 2015. The United Kingdom’s Environment Agency summarizes some of its recommendations: Key policy issues, such as the control of diffuse water pollution, land-use planning, the designation of heavily modified water bodies and the role of wetlands†¦must be addressed by relevant authorities. Particular emphasis should be placed on the diverse sources of diffuse pollution†¦These include discharges from agriculture and also from other land-uses such as urban developments, transport infrastructure and abandoned mineral workings. Those who manage the land may have to do things in a different way to ensure that they do not cause water pollution. (1) Some forms of pollution are not classified by the sphere of the environment that they contaminate, but by their nature and properties. Our planet is constantly bathed in radiation originating from outer space, and there are trace amounts of radioactivity scattered throughout the earth’s crust. These do not constitute radioactive pollution; typically, this form of pollution originates from nuclear power processing, or from equipment used in nuclear medicine and radiography, although nuclear fallout from bombs and disasters, such as the 1986 Chernobyl incident, is perhaps the most striking example of nuclear pollution. In the case of Chernobyl, flawed design of the nuclear reactor, combined with personnel errors, led to an explosion which released around 5% of the reactor’s core of radioactive material into the atmosphere. The wind carried fallout composed mainly of the radioisotopes iodine-131, cesium-134, and cesium 137, from the reactor across the former Soviet Union. Among the most heavily affected countries were Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia. The radioactive pollution’s immediate effect resulted in the death of 30 people, injury to over a hundred other individuals, and the immediate evacuation and relocation of over 200,000 affected citizens. One of the most studied long term effects of the disaster is a significant increase in the number of cases of thyroid cancer among generations of exposed individuals, due to the accumulation of radioactive iodine-131 in the thyroid gland (International Atomic Energy Agency). It should be noted that Chernobyl was a rare nuclear disaster that is not representative of the more common forms of radiation pollution; rather, it serves as an example of the potential scale and duration of pollution’s ill effects. Much more commonly encountered are the radiation-related risks in the medical field, where exposure to X-rays and radiotherapy practices can lead to an increased risk of developing certain cancers among some groups of patients. However, for the most part, properly observed medical standards will ensure that the risk of developing cancer from medical radiation is low – an estimated 0.05% per rem of radiation. The amount of exposure depends on the medical procedures involved, and although the increase in the risk of cancer induction is small (from zero to one percent), there is no threshold of radiation exposure below which it is absolutely risk-free. Thus, all procedures involving radiation exposure should be decided on the basis of risk versus benefit to the patient (Classic). Homo sapiens is the only species that has succeeded in domesticating other species, and with the spread of human civilization, we have carried our pets (and pests) to new lands. Introduced species constitute a form of biological pollution – when a non-native species establishes itself in an ecosystem, displacing certain native species that play a vital role in that ecosystem, and possibly causing economic damage, they are considered invasive. In ecology, the â€Å"rule of tens† states that one in every ten introduced species becomes invasive (Boudouresque and Verlaque, 1). The most significant direct consequence of biological invasion is the extinction of native species that are not adapted to compete with invaders. Such is the case with the Nile perch (Lates niloticus), a popular commercial fish species that was introduced to Lake Victoria in East Africa around the year 1962. The Nile perch disrupted the lake’s ecosystem by predatory activity, feeding on many native fish species, and spreading parasites which it carries in its gills. An estimated 300 fish species native to Lake Victoria were driven to extinction by the 1980s (Blake). While the Nile perch and some other invasive species have at least had some marginal economic benefit (a boost to the commercial fishing industry and local employment), in many cases the effect of biological invasion has been a complete economic disaster. Australia’s plague of introduced European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has not only threatened native animals as the rabbits outcompete them for food and shelter; the rabbits have threatened the ecosystem itself by decimating vegetation, causing the soil (arid and fragile over much of Australia) to erode. This in turn has greatly reduced the available land for sheep and cattle grazing – two of Australia’s major industries. Efforts to reduce rabbit populations have only increased the economic cost of the rabbit invasion, as Australians have tried to use poison, traps, dynamite, and expensive biological control agents in the form of diseases such as myxomatosis and the calicivirus (Diamond, 392). Managing an invasion is very difficult once the invasive species has become established. As noted by Oregon State University biologist John Chapman, â€Å"Unlike other contaminants in the world, introduced species don’t have a half-life, they can spread from a single point source, and they have a potentially infinite life span† (qtd. in Reiber). An introduced species becomes established when conditions in the new environment are favorable, and it has little to no competition, and natural predators are lacking. Too often, strategies devised to control populations of invasive species backfire – the myxomatosis disease used to exterminate rabbits in Australia did succeed in bringing down the rabbit population by 90%, but the survivors then developed a resistance to the disease (Diamond, 392). Biological or chemical control agents used to eradicate invasive species often are detrimental to native species as well. In most cases, the safest way to remove invasive species from the environment is manually, which can be highly labor intensive and needs to be organized at the local or community level. Increased sound levels in our surroundings can constitute a form of noise pollution. While some people would classify certain genres or styles of music as noise, the most common form of noise pollution comes from transportation and industrial activity. Extreme levels of noise pollution can lead to a deterioration and eventual impairment of the auditory function in humans and other organisms. Noise pollution also affects individuals in other ways that may be less easy to measure or quantify; increasing levels of stress and annoyance, for example, or disruption of normal sleeping routines. States such as Maryland have implemented some form noise control; in Maryland, the Noise Control Program was passed into legislation in 1970, to provide technical assistance and enforcement regarding noise related issues across the state. It has been de-funded since July 2005, as the duty of regulating noise-related issues has been passed down to local government. There are many other forms of pollution that do not fit neatly into this broad classification, and to fully understand the effect of every pollutant would often require time-consuming research into various case studies. The interaction between different types of pollution often contributes to a complex effect acting on a larger scale, such as global warming, which is a phenomenon created by the interaction between the increased levels of various gases (known collectively as greenhouse gases). Pollution affects us on a global scale, but it can be reduced or remediated by efforts at the local and personal level. The easiest way to start contributing to the effort to reduce pollution is to minimize one’s own pollution of the environment. It is this diffuse type of pollution which is much more difficult to catch and trace. Individual citizens not disposing of their wastes properly, or households with misconnected drains, all have a small effect on pollution levels, and collectively this adds up to a large increase in pollution if unchecked or unreported. This is the pollution whose source is often unnoticed, and it is up to each individual to eliminate himself or herself as a source of this anonymous, unaccountable pollution. Many nonprofit organizations and agencies concerned with the welfare of our environment are engaged in activities to counter pollution and its effects. Participating in local community clean-up events can help to not only reduce the level of pollution in a community, but also heightens the awareness of people regarding pollution issues, especially if the organizers have invited an environmental expert to deliver a talk about problems relevant to the community. Recycling gadgets instead of throwing them away is a solution that helps both the consumers and the manufacturing industries. Sony Electronics, Inc. has a recycling program that accepts old or non-working Sony branded products free of charge, and even products of other companies for a small fee (On a higher level, government environmental agencies monitor the major point sources of pollution such as wastes disposed by large factories and industrial companies. With pollution’s far-reaching consequences, nations must help each other to remediate the worst polluted areas. An estimated 1 billion people are affected by pollution issues, and a majority of those people are in the developing world, where a general lack of awareness and local regulation of pollution has reduced the overall life expectancy and quality of life (Hanrahan et al., 2). With minimal financial investment, a number of remediation measures can be carried out in some of the worst polluted areas in the developing world. These measures will help save lives, particularly of children, at an estimated cost of only one to fifty US dollars per person each year. However, implementing such measures often takes a back seat to the basic needs of education and primary health services that local governments often must prioritize (Hanrahan et al., 2-4). This is why it is important to have international intervention and cooperation, not apathy and the selfish attitude summed up by ‘it’s someone else’s problem, let them take care of it’. In dealing with pollution it is important to keep in mind that many of the sources contributing to pollution are industries upon which modern society is dependent. Mining and agriculture are two examples of ancient activities that have helped men to develop their civilizations. Mining enabled us to build better shelters and construct the tools and implements that we use in everyday tasks. Agriculture and the potential to store surplus food has taken us from the lifestyle of hunter-gatherers and brought humans together in the first settlements, which eventually grew into cities and states. Pollution is a byproduct of these activities, and the effort to reduce or prevent pollution is not trying to destroy major industries or cease the production and development of new technology. It is an effort to make the producers and consumers responsible for the regulation of wastes created by these activities, and their proper management and disposal. We live in an age of awareness, and thanks to our awakening and gradual realization of how we affect the world around us, today’s environmental crisis has increasingly become a fact of life in the modern world. Modern governments should no longer be intent on debating the validity of environmental concerns, but focused on finding and implementing solutions. The root of these problems – human degradation of the environment and exploitation of its resources – has been at work ever since the dawn of the civilized age. The environmental crisis of the present, on both the global and local levels, is not a burden that we have borne for only a few generations; it is a result of centuries, even millennia, of human exploitation of available resources without the guidance of modern environmental science, accelerated by the industrialization brought about by developing technology, and abetted by attitudes and sensibilities that have developed in ignorance of how we impact our surroundings. The inertia of these outdated attitudes and accelerating industrial processes is huge and cannot be so easily stopped; it may take decades to realize the full extent of the damage we have done to the environment in every aspect, and perhaps longer to reverse the trend. But for many of us, the fundamental error in thinking has, at least, been corrected. Environmental problems elsewhere in the world are no longer just someone else’s concern. With modern globalization, what we do in our part of the world affects everyone else, and if we continue to act and think with that in mind, the environmental problems facing all of society will be managed by society as a whole. Works Cited â€Å"A slow-moving oil spill.† Ed. John Dodge. 01 December 2007. The Olympian. 04 December 2007 Akbar, S. et al. World Health Organization. Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005. Germany: Druckpartner Moser, 2005. Boudouresque CF, Verlaque M. Biological pollution in the Mediterranean Sea: invasive versus introduced macrophytes. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2002 January; 44(1):32-8. Buell, Frederick. From Apocalypse to Way of Life: Four Decades of Environmental Crisis in the U.S. New York: Routledge, 2003. Diamond, Jared. Collapse. New York: Penguin Books, 2005. Environment Agency, 2003. The Water Framework Directive – not only a question of quality. Bristol: Environment Agency. Environment Agency, 2004. Soil, the hidden resource. Bristol: Environment Agency. Environment Agency, 2007. The unseen threat to water quality. Bristol: Environment Agency. Hanrahan, D. et al. Blacksmith Institute. Cost Effectiveness and Health Impact of Remediation of Highly Polluted Sites in the Developing World. 2007. International Atomic Energy Agency. Chernobyl’s Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-economic Impacts and Recommendations to the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Austria: IAEA, 2006. â€Å"Interview of Al Gore.† Larry King Live. CNN. 05 July 2007.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Invasion Biology Introduced Species Summary Project.† Ed. Jennifer Blake. 10 January 2005. Columbia University. 02 December 2007 http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Lates_niloticus.htm> John, E. M. et al. Medical radiation exposure and breast cancer risk: findings from the Breast Cancer Family Registry. International Journal of Cancer: 2007 July; 121(2):386-94. â€Å"Link Between Climate Change and Biological Pollution could Harm Northwest.† Ed. Derek Reiber. 02 July 2001. Sightline Institute. 02 December 2007 â€Å"Noise Pollution Control.† 2007. Maryland Department of the Environment. 05 December 2007 Path: Programs; Multimedia Programs; Noise Pollution Control. â€Å"Pollution and its effect to the environment: Interview with Ricky Clancy of Sony Electronics Blog.† 27 September 2007. 05 December 2007. â€Å"Risk/Benefit of Medical Radiation Exposures.† Ed. Kelly Classic. 04 December 2007. Health Physics Society. 04 December 2007 Path: HPS Publications; Articles. â€Å"Thermal Pollution.† Ed. Silvia Lourenco and Rute Neves. 05 December 1996. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 04 December 2007 United States Environmental Protection Agency. Noise: A Health Problem. Washington, 1978

Marketing Planning - Domino's Pizza Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Planning - Domino's Pizza - Essay Example Moreover, people are looking for innovation in the pizzas. Domino’s is offering a huge range of products apart from pizzas and are mainly focusing on customers with smaller pocket size. The SWOT analysis reveals that the organization has great deal of strengths and opportunities but is facing steep competition from its competitors like Pizza Hut and Pizza Express. After the situation analysis and studying the current market segment, target market and positioning strategies has been suggested. Introduction Domino’s pizza is a well known pizza delivery organization in this world. The passion and expertise shown by this organization and its employees in delivering fresh and hot pizzas has earned loyalty of numerous customers from all over the world and several awards for the organization (Domino’s Pizza UK & Ireland Limited, 2012). This report focuses on developing a marketing plan for Domino’s Pizza in UK. The pizza market of UK has recorded an increase of 2 1.5 percent in sales value between the year 2008 and 2013 and reached  £881 million (Mintel Group Ltd., 2012). This was primarily due to the thriving chilled sector and commodity inflation, which lead to higher self prices. The growth on the overall volume has increased by 7.3 percent over the period, which has acted as the accelerating factor in terms of both volume and values (Mintel Group Ltd., 2012). Chilled pizza has created a better and healthier image of quality amongst the consumers. On the other hand, frozen pizzas acts as a remedy for being processed. Reports also suggests that fifth of the users in UK are seen to show interest towards the British sourced meat. 23 percent of the parents are seen to show their concern regarding lack of pizzas for children (Mintel Group Ltd., 2012). ... Chilled pizza has created a better and healthier image of quality amongst the consumers. On the other hand, frozen pizzas acts as a remedy for being processed. Reports also suggests that fifth of the users in UK are seen to show interest towards the British sourced meat. 23 percent of the parents are seen to show their concern regarding lack of pizzas for children (Mintel Group Ltd., 2012). It has been observed that there is strong demand for microwaveable and gluten-free pizzas (Mintel Group Ltd., 2013). The demand for pizza has also increased among the demographic of 65 year old people. The pizza lovers of UK are also looking for change and innovation in their pizzas (Mintel Group Ltd., 2011). Product Range Domino’s Pizza mainly deals in pizzas ranging from chicken and prawn pizza, traditional pizzas, value plus pizza, value pizzas and â€Å"make your own† pizza. Apart from this, the organization also offers a wide range of side dishes, desserts and crusts. In side di shes they include breads, chicken, chips along with dipping sauce and drinks. In desserts, they include cakes, brownies, pancakes, dipping sauce and mousse (Domino's Pizza Enterprises Ltd., 2012). Hence, it can be concluded that they not only deals with pizzas but also offers a variety of other products. Customers The customers of Domino’s are generally the pizza loving people. They generally target the customers starting from college goers to people in their fifties. They not only target the lower-class people with their products but also the middle-class customers with bigger budgets. Children are not often seen to be the regular customers of Domino’s Pizza. They are

Aphra Behn Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Aphra Behn - Term Paper Example She stood up and demanded to be heard and accepted; she never looked back and always stood her ground. She is certainly not to be forgotten. This essay functions as a general retrospective of the life and writings of Aphra Behn. Section I considers her background and career as a writer, including her time spent working as a spy for England; section II is an in-depth analysis of one of Behn’s most renowned works, the novel Oroonoko; finally, section III considers the extent to which Aphra Behn should assume her rightful place among the Western literary canon, ultimately arguing for her inclusion. Aphra Behn, also known as Afra, Aphara, or Ayfara, was baptized at Waye, Kent, in 1640. Behn’s father was a barber named John Johnson. During the restoration period in which her father was raised record keeping wasn’t as well structured as contemporary standards; as a result, Behn’s father’s status is not entirely known and parts of Behn’s early childhood are shrouded in history. As a result, historians turn to her works for insight into these early childhood years. During these years she went to Surinam, and then in 1658 she returned to England. Behn’s time in Surinam was a pivotal development period in her life, as it was during this period that she acquired significant historical knowledge of the area, as well as personal knowledge of the African prince Oroonoko. Later in life this experience would be explored in her seminal novel Oroonoko (Hobby 1990). After returning to England from Surinam she married a London merchant with a Dutch extraction. Her intelligence and extraordinary wit made her a favorite at the royal court. After her husband’s death Charles II appointed her to a position as a spy within Netherlands for the Dutch war. She proved to be an effective spy for England; her code name was â€Å"Astrea†, and she was also known as Agent one hundred

Genetic Relations to Job Satisfaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Genetic Relations to Job Satisfaction - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that genetics can also be referred to as the genetic composition of an individual or group of people. In the past, genetics played a great role in breakthroughs as curing diseases, breeding better plants and animals basically under the realm of genetic engineering and even solving crimes in the field of forensic science. It has recently been discovered that job satisfaction is largely genetically determined. This has brought into focus several questions such as: â€Å"How true is it that the level of competence in a person is equal to that of the parent?†, â€Å"Should people be employed on the basis on their parents or siblings’ work record?† â€Å"Should companies do a genetic study on all its employees to determine their traits, characters, health and how these relate to their work capabilities?† This study highlights that at this point, it would be too early to come up with a probable conclusion. It is this questions that this paper seeks to provide answers to as we determine through previous research if, indeed, job satisfaction is genetic. According to a publication of The Bell Curve by Herrnstein and Murray, it is a known fact that genetic factors influence fundamental aspects of our human nature. Initially, it was debated that environmental factors played a basic role in job satisfaction, but scientific research has proven that the applicable environmental aspects emerge to be those not shared by individuals raised together. On the other hand, the Classical Twin Study proved that most behavioural characteristics are heritable. The Classical Twin experiment applied sets of monozygotic twins, raised separately, to examine for the reality of genetic power on job satisfaction. Research suggests that genetics has a role in the fundamental direct experiences of job fulfillment such as challenge or achievement.  

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 32

Essay Example it as well; there are times when it helps man and other times when it becomes man’s enemy because it replaces the personal input he would have in his work otherwise. Man becomes divorced from his own work, while some even lose their livelihood to these machines as well. John Paul II further went onto state that it turns man into nothing but a slave. The late pope called for more harmony between workers in this section. It was the pope’s point of view that capitalism and labor were at odds with each other and this conflict was born from the industrial developments that took place in the western world. This conflict illustrated itself in the values found in liberalism and Marxism. He places more emphasis on the importance of labor than capital. He sees labor as essential to driving work, where as capital is only a mere tool. He also talks about property and the church’s stand on the principle of right. Here, the church disagrees not just with Marxist ideas that promote collectivism, but also the liberalistic ideas of capitalism. Human rights that come within the circumference of one’s work are the very basic rights that are allotted to a person. The Pope outlined unemployment as a great social problem, which didn’t just break down the social fabric through economics, but also perpetuated weak morality. He wrote against one-sided centralization by the authorities that left many out of jobs. He referred to agricultural work and how it had its own dignified way. Work has to be organized in a way that suits a person and their life. Demographics need to be taken into account such as a person’s age and gender etc. Women, according to John Paul II, should be allotted jobs that fit them without prejudice; but they must avail jobs without creating problems for their families. He also emphasized on the importance of perks and benefits, along with time off from work so that workers do not burn out. Unions are of the utmost importance because they can ensure that

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PORTFOLIO (PDP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PORTFOLIO (PDP) - Essay Example After finishing my learning session, I did my â€Å"Foundation Year† during the year 2009 to 2010 and then I joined the Coventry University. My aspirations of joining the university and pursue higher studies were basically to acquire knowledge and groove throughout the courses with the aim that I can enhance myself according to the requirements of a perfect career. Till now, I have worked with my father and helped him in his business activities in Saudi Arabia. I used to join him in our family business during every summer when I was studying in the high school in my home country. I have decided to study further in the Coventry University as I want to gather industrial knowledge and learn the skills of building up relationships with the peer groups. The Coventry University is a perfect place for enhancement in this respect as the university perceives relationship to be the key to moving towards long term strategic alliances. 2.0 Aspirations for the Course at Coventry with Futur e Outlook Coventry is a university that emphasizes on innovation and is also an evolving university that is in practice for achievement of excellence in education. It not only provides a supportive and caring environment but also strives for getting enriched by the perfect integration of academic and practical experiences. My present objective is to prepare myself for every kind of situations that can come up in my professional lif

Strategic management case study-skf case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic management case study-skf case - Essay Example At such a point in time when the world has become a global village, and when companies need to put extra efforts to get noticed by the customer, it is important for a company to stay focused. SKF, the company which is the focus of this report, needs to maintain a consistency strategy when it comes to the future and what it aims to do with respect to the new decision that it has to make. SKF needs to maintain the strategy that they have been using till now, that is, to price their product at a premium price and play on value based selling, that is, they have designed and developed their product so well that it comes out to be one of the best in the industry and the perception that they have created in the eyes of the consumer is that of a premium product which cannot be easily replicated by any other company. It is important for companies to follow such a strategy in this clutter filled world, and where product differentiation can only be done in perceptions, and not in reality. SKF is thinking of changing its value based strategy to the strategy where it will compete on price and cater to the markets where price is an important factor. This will be a very wrong strategy for SKF, since till now, they have been premium priced and price was never a factor that they even considered. Customers came to SKF when they wanted true value for whatever money that they give. There will be value that will be reflected in the products that they receive. It was a win-win situation for both the consumers and the SKF Company. But this decision to change the strategy to compete on price would take the organization into a wrong direction, and they need to correct themselves as soon as possible. One of the first things that they need to remember is that there should be consistency in the strategy of a company, especially when the strategy has helped the company build the brand name that it has, and has helped it secure the

Indirect thermometric Titration Essay Example for Free

Indirect thermometric Titration Essay * School Name: Al Mashrek International School * School Code: 2108 * Subject: Chemistry * Topic: Indirect A thermometric Titration. * Assessment: Data Collection, Data Processing Presenting, Conclusion Evaluation. * Candidate Name: Bassam Al-Nawaiseh * Date: 20/5/2007 * Aim: The aim of this experiment is to determine the concentrations of two acids. The two acids are Hydrochloric acid, HCl, and Ethanoic acid, CH3CO2H. This will be done by thermometric titration, by calculating the enthalpy change for each reaction, enthalpy of neutralization. * Data Collection: Table 1: the temperature change for the HCl solution and CH3CO2H solution after adding 5 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ portions of 1M NaOH on each acid. * Data Processing Presenting: Graph 1: represents the temperature change in the solution when titrated with HCl after extrapolation. Graph 2: Represents the temperature change of the solution titrated against Ethanoic Acid after extrapolation. * From graph 1, it is shown that after extrapolating the final temperature of the solution are 38 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C instead of being 34 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C from the normal graph. * From graph 2, it is shown that after extrapolating the graph, the final temperature of the solution is about 34 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C instead of being 32 from the normal graph. * Amount of NaOH = c x v = 2 x 0.05 = 0.1 mol NaOH * Amount of Heat Energy for HCL solution = m x s x ?T = (100/1000) x 4.18 x (38 23) = 6.27 KJ * Molar Heat Energy for HCL solution = 6.27 x (1 / 0.1) = 62.7 KJ/mol * Amount of Heat Energy for Ethanoic Acid Solution = m x s x ?T = (100/1000) x 4.18 x (34 23) = 4.56 KJ * Molar Heat Energy for Ethanoic Acid solution =- 4.56 x (1 / 0.1) = -45.6 KJ/mol. (Negative sign was added to both the heat energies because the reaction is exothermic due to the rise in temperature of the solution.) * Conclusion Evaluation: * ?H neutralization for Ethanoic Acid (-45.6 KJ/mol) is lower than that for Hydrochloric Acid (-62.7 KJ/mol). This is because HCL is a strong acid which completely ionizes and dissociates. On the other hand, CH3COOH is a weak acid which partially ionizes in water. * Percentage Uncertainties is: * Pipette (Volume of NaOH): (0.1/50) x100 = 0.20% * Burette (Volume of HCL): (0.05/50) x 100 = 0.10% * Burette (Volume of CH3COOH): (0.05/50) x100 = 0.10% * Thermometer (Temperature of HCL): (0.5/61) x 100 = 0.81 % * Thermometer (Temperature of CH3COOH): (0.5/57) x 100 = 0.87 % * Total Percentage Uncertainty = 0.20+0.10+0.10+0.81+0.87 = 2.08 % * Absolute Uncertainty for ?H HCL = 62.7 x (2.08/100) = 1.3 * Absolute Uncertainty for ?H CH3COOH = 45.6 x (2.08/100) = 0.94 * ?H Hydration for HCL is -62.7 KJ/mol (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1.3) * ?H Hydration for CH3COOH is -45.6 KJ/mol (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.95) * Percentage Error: 1. Literature value for HCL is -57.6 KJ/mol = (57.6 62.7)/57.6 = 0.0885 x 100 = 8.85 % 2. Literature value for CH3COOH is -36.8 KJ/mol = (36.8 45.6)/45.6 = 0.193 x 100 = 19.3 % * Errors: 1. Some heat was lost to the surrounding during the reaction. Water temperature decreased as a result from the heat loss, which caused a decrease in the final temperature. 2. The polystyrene cup was not covered with a lid, which also caused heat to be lost to the surrounding. 3. While stirring, the thermometer hit the bottom of the polystyrene cup which caused the thermometer to take the temperature of the cup instead of the water. This affected the readings of temperatures in different intervals which caused an error in drawing the graph. 4. Stirring of the solution was not constant all over the reaction, which caused a partial gain of heat. * Improvements: 1. The polystyrene cup should be covered with a lid, which will increase its insulation and will decrease the amount of heat lost to the surrounding. 2. The thermometer should not hit the bottom of the cup when stirring and friction should be reduced to maximum. This can be done by either holding the thermometer accurately up from the bottom. Or by adjusting it into a clamp embedding it in the solution, while using a glass rod for stirring. 3. Stirring the solution should be constant all over the reaction in order to have accurate readings during all time intervals, which will make the graph and its extrapolating more accurate.

Abusive child labor in China Essay Example for Free

Abusive child labor in China Essay News correspondent David Barbosa of the New York Times Magazine has published an article on May 1st 2008, entitled: ‘China Says Abusive Child Labor Ring Is Exposed’. In his news article, Barbosa uncovered more in-depth analysis surrounding the incident of child labor in China, in which according to him acknowledges child labor abuse at the heart of China’s export economy. This paper will discuss Barbosa’s finding on the plight of Chinese children amidst extensive economic production. Article Summary Who was involved? Based on Barbosa’s news article, child labor ranges from the age of 13 to 15 which have been deceived and possibly kidnapped by a child trafficking syndicate then sold to employment agencies. To cite, the series of crackdown by Chinese authorities has found rampant child labor employment from Western Sichuan Province of Liangshan that supplies the children to factories in Guangdong, wherein forced labor engages about 300 working hours monthly (Barbosa, 2008). Result of the crackdown The summary of result on crackdown of child labor rings has prompted the Chinese authorities to enacting more enforcement, which according to Barbosa has put China in significant scandal and embarrassment [aside from the political issue with Tibet who rejects China’s massive preparation to the forthcoming Olympic Games]. With the incoming Olympic event, Chinese authorities has doubled its efforts in enforcing the strictest possible campaign against child labor traffickers, wherein the April 30th 2008 crackdown to various legal and most specifically illegal employment agencies [or simply child traffickers] have been arrested and initially rescued about 100 children-laborers from Dongguan City where major electronic manufacturing firms are located. Behind child labor issue    According to Barbosa, child labor and abuses depicts China’s scarcity of laborers as a result of soaring inflationary rates and foreign currency devaluation that decreases profitability of both small and medium manufacturers that resorted to move quickly in the â€Å"edge† of competitive manufacturing and mass production; that involve cheap labor of children and adult laborers [of both men and women], wherein the Chinese labor law has even reduced the legal age requirement from the age of 16. Barbosa insinuated that may be the â€Å"political issue† involving Tibet’s [rejection and defiance to holding the Olympic Games in China] may have attributed to the seeming crackdown of human trafficking for cheap labor, in general. As cited, the earlier cases of child labor and human trafficking incidents could have been picking up â€Å"loose response† of enforcement, apparently becoming â€Å"stiff and tight† on the current dates. The critical issue behind the rampant child labor and human trafficking in China espouses the fact of looming poverty incidence in Southern and Western localities of China wherein continuing increase of   production and raw materials costs are insignificant to cost-cutting measures. To cite, even the renowned transnational Wal-Mart company have been charged with child labor, wherein similarly other foreign firms in China were illicitly engaging. In related child labor issue, Barbosa pointed out the observation of Professor Hu Xingdou from Beijing Institute of Technology who quoted that ‘China’s economy is developing at a fascinating speed, but often at the expense of laws, human rights and environmental protection’.   Further to cite, local government encourages incentives to grow their economy and thereby encouraging participation of cheap labor forces that includes children. Postscript in the report Journalists have jointly advocated pursuing the progress of Chinese authorities’ campaign against child labor and human trafficking.   According to Barbosa, the Southern Metropolis newspaper (in Beijing, China) conducts fact-finding mission in Liangshan Prefecture of Sichuan Province wherein indigenous families resides and being targeted by child labor recruiters. Barbosa stressed that journalist may access and could uncover the truth brought about by the scandal of child labor and abuse. As quoted by Barbosa; â€Å"journalists could discover the facts by secret interviews in a few days, since how could the labor departments show no interest in it and ignore it for such a long time?† Reference Barbosa, D. (2008). ‘China Says Abusive Child Labor Ring Is Exposed’. The New York Times (Asia Pacific) Electronic Magazine. Retrieved 08 May 2008 from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/01/world/asia/01china.html?pagewanted=1_r=1

Postpartum Depression A Concept Analysis Health And Social Care Essay

Postpartum Depression A Concept Analysis Health And Social Care Essay Postpartum Depression is generally defined in the following context: Specifier of nonpsychotic major depression that has its onset within 4 weeks after delivery (Mehta and Sheth, 2006). In addition, the illness is often classified into the following categories: Baby blues, nonpsychotic depression, and puerperal psychosis (Mehta and Sheth, 2006). Therefore, the illness is complex in nature and is attributed to the emotions that are experienced after giving birth (Mehta and Sheth, 2006). It appears that there are no clear distinctions between first-time and experienced mothers facing postpartum depression, and that the state is potentially dependent upon hormonal imbalances (Mehta and Sheth, 2006). The state of postpartum depression is particularly difficult for its sufferers, as they are often unable to care for their newborn babies in the way that they desire, and this places a particularly difficult strain upon the family in these cases. The defining attributes of the illness are em otional in nature, and require further evaluation in order to establish a successful diagnosis and treatment strategy. For women facing the risk of postpartum depression, there are a number of common concerns that are well-defined and researched, including but not limited to stress, hormone imbalance, and alternative methods of conception. Therefore, those women facing postpartum depression often possess a number of risk factors that may be individual or combined. As a result, a diagnosis of this condition is often based upon several factors. However, these factors may also be attributed to other conditions and circumstances, so how they are identified and managed is of critical importance in addressing the condition directly. In general, A meta-analysis of numerous studies found the average prevalence rate of postpartum depression to be 13 %there is a three-fold increase in the risk of depression during the first months after delivery (Joesfsson, 2003, p. 14). Therefore, it is important to note that postpartum depression is a common condition that requires further evaluation and treatment. A case study is perhaps the most feasible opportunity to explore the variables involved in postpartum depression, as this will enable the evaluator to determine the extent to which the illness is based upon various factors, how it was derived, and how to best treat the condition effectively. Typically, a scale known as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is widely used to identify the severity of postpartum depression episodes, as is useful in determining the course of treatment that will treat the condition without delay (Chokka, 2002). One case to consider is that of using the EPDS to screen patients for postpartum depression, and if the condition is identified, to determine its severity (Joesfsson, 2003). This scale is used to convey a greater understanding of the epidemiology of the illness, and its contributing factors in those that suffer its symptoms (Joesfsson, 2003). The case study under consideration examines women facing postpartum symptoms of depression at several intervals, and explores a number of variables that are relevant in describing the condition and its potential outcomes for female patients (Joesfsson, 2003). There were a number of statistical requirements under consideration, as well as an opportunity to explore the ethical nature of the study and how it might impact postpartum women in a personal manner: We questioned ourselves whether it would create increased anxiety to ask the eligible women personal questions about mental and physical health and later on about their childrens behavior. How ever, we concluded that the positive effects would outweigh the negative effects and that the attendance rate would reflect the womens opinions in this matter. Verbal and written information was given to all participants and it was made clear that participation was voluntary (Joesfsson, 2003, p. 33). From this perspective, it should be noted that the postpartum depression study served as a means of influencing the identification of risk factors, as well as the epidemiology behind such factors and subsequent treatment alternatives that would be useful in supporting patients of this nature (Joesfsson, 2003). In this manner, it was determined that the study was a safe and effective means of identifying various risk factors associated with postpartum depression. The study results indicate that the EPDS is a highly useful tool in order to support the findings associated with postpartum depression (Joesffson, 2003). One of the key factors in this study that is not found in many other studies is as follows: An advantage of this study is that all data were extracted from standardized medical records in which data were collected prior to knowledge of postpartum mood. This made it possible to minimize maternal recall bias. To our knowledge this is the only study that includes earlier medical, gynecologic and obstetric history (Joesffson, 2003, p. 37). Therefore, the study indicates that there are significant opportunities to explore postpartum depression by using the EPDS scale, and that the results from this scale will continue to provide clinicians with the tools that are necessary to improve diagnosis and treatment methods for postpartum depression and its many complexities (Joesffson, 2003). EPDS is also evaluated in a borderline case involving postpartum women from Chile, and it was determined that the scale is very useful in other settings as a screening and diagnostic tool (Jadresic et.al, 1995). Another borderline case involving subjects from Iran is also useful in determining the effectiveness of the EPDS tool (Montazeri et.al, 2007). A contrary case involves the detection of false negatives in using the EPDS, which is in stark contrast to many other cases that support the widespread use of this scale to identify postpartum depression (Guedeney et.al, 2000). A case invented for the research might demonstrate that EPDS is successful in diagnosing other types of depressive disorders or episodes that extend beyond postpartum depression. Finally, an illegitimate case involves an examination of symptoms that are depicted as postpartum depression with the EPDS, but are actually not related ( Jomeen and Martin, 2008). Based upon the model case, the antecedent is the series of unusual behaviors that are generally associated with postpartum depression, such a perceived detachment from the child, as well as emotions, such as uncontrollable crying and fits of anger. As a result of these behaviors, it is generally believed that women suffering from postpartum depression face considerable emotional and psychological consequences until they are diagnosed and are treated for their condition in a successful manner. In a related case study, EDHS is utilized in conjunction with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in an effort to identify postpartum depression in a different light. In a general context, Routine depression screening has been recommended for all adults using tools, such as the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), that have been validated in primary care practices (Yawn et.al, 2009, p. 483). From this perspective, it is known that postpartum depression is not commonly considered under this questionnaire, and requires further consideration as a potential tool for evaluation of this condition (Yawn et.al, 2009). The study considered both tools as an opportunity to identify postpartum depressive symptoms, and to also demonstrate that these studies might be useful together, while also recognizing the limitations of their use in conjunction with each other (Yawn et.al, 2009). These findings suggest that there are significant factors involved in identifying postpartum depression, par ticularly when a body of questions are asked of each study participant that might be uncomfortable to answer (Yawn et.al, 2009). Therefore, it is difficult to identify all of the possible implications of using both tools without further evaluation (Yawn et.al, 2009). Nonetheless, it is very important and relevant to consider how postpartum depression is diagnosed and treated under the most common conditions. Other studies also demonstrate that postpartum depression, when diagnosed by using the EPDS scale, is highly responsive to different forms of cognitive therapy, including individual and group counseling, amongst other methods (Moss et.al, 2009). However, studies do not go so far as to say that educational programs are a useful tool in supporting the prevention of postpartum depression, as this has yet to be identified as an effective alternative (Moss et.al, 2009). There continue to be critical factors that influence postpartum depression that have not been fully identified, and therefore, the EPDS is a very useful method of deciphering new problems and potential treatment solutions (Moss et.al, 2009). Based upon the indicators provided in the discussion and case studies thus far, there are a number of empirical referents to consider when addressing the scope of postpartum depression, and how it is dramatically influenced by various factors, including but not limited to risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It is clear that there are a number of common risk factors associated with postpartum depression that are common in many identified cases, including but not limited to prior depressive episodes, hormone imbalances, and other related factors. These factors are typical contributors to the condition, even though their severity varies from one case to another. Nonetheless, when considering postpartum depression, these are typical concerns that must be evaluated on a consistent basis. In one context, it is observed that postpartum depression may be associated with what is known as the relinquishment of motherhood, which is reflective of different circumstances, such as giving up a baby for adoption, as well as the challenges associated with postpartum depression (La Monica). In this context, Relinquishment is usually done with a great deal of conflict, especially if done under compulsion. Consequences of relinquishment are (1) the obvious loss of a child, (2) a resulting role change; she is no longer functioning as a mother, and (3) the inevitable grief process to follow (La Monica, p. 269). From this perspective, it is clear that postpartum depression also falls into this category, and possesses empirical consequences for a mother until a diagnosis and treatment plan is satisfied. It is important for a mother facing postpartum depression to consider how this might impact her child or children, and how to best approach the situation in a delicate yet assertive man ner. However, since the judgment of the mother is often poor as a result of her condition and she may be unable to think clearly, it is necessary to consider how the condition might be identified by a clinical professional, and thus treated accordingly. It is important for family members and clinicians to be involved as early as possible, so that the symptoms do not become so severe that irreversible consequences are inevitable, as occurs in some cases. In all cases of postpartum depression, it is critical to develop an understanding of the underlying factors, causes, and diagnosis methods that are most common, so that all possible ideas are explored without severe repercussions for patients. Therefore, it is expected that in all cases of postpartum depression, establishing a diagnosis using the EPDS and/or the PHQ are of critical relevance in order to determine the most feasible course of action for the patient in question. This is a general rule that applies to almost any diagnosis, and requires ongoing consideration in order to achieve the desired level of effectiveness. It is imperative that these methods are utilized consistently from one case to the next in order to establish effective patterns for treating postpartum depression and its underlying causes. In order to identify the various principles that are associated with a diagnosis of postpartum depression, it is necessary to develop a greater understanding of various risk factors that are associated with the illness and its outcomes for new and experienced mothers. It is evident that there are a variety of concerns that are associated with postpartum depression, and that these require further consideration and evaluation. Therefore, various research studies to date indicate that there are a number of relevant tools that are often utilized in order to understand the overall concepts associated with postpartum depression, and how to best diagnose and treat this complex psychological condition with physical undertones. The most common tools used to identify the condition are the EPDS and the PHQ, which are utilized to identify severity of the condition under different circumstances. Patients suffering from this illness must be cooperative and supportive in seeking a diagnosis and tre atment, even though this is often a very difficult concept to grasp. Therefore, it is important for clinicians to be heavily involved in this process, so that patients are provided with the best possible outcomes for their condition, regardless of its severity. This will provide the greatest level of support during diagnosis and treatment to improve the condition through regular treatment and ongoing intervention as necessary.

Legal Implications :: Physician Assisted Suicide Medical Ethics Essays

Legal Implications â€Å"The social commitment of the physician is to sustain life and relieve suffering. Where the performance of one duty conflicts with the other, the preferences of the patient should prevail† (AMA). The case of Karen Quinlan extrapolated beyond the trivial cases of patient autonomy, in which the patient’s wishes are known or well communicated, and introduced us to a realm of patient autonomy that, at the time, had not been thoroughly explored. Although it was alleged that Karen had â€Å"on at least three occasions made statements that if she were in a hopeless medical condition she would not want her life prolonged by†¦extraordinary medical measures,† no concrete proof of these statements or wishes existed (Armstrong). Thus, Karen Quinlan’s physician could only assume an end-of-life decision from her surrogate decision-makers, her parents, was appropriate—an assumption he was not ready to make. In fact, the physician stated, â€Å"he c ould find no medical precedent with regard to such action (taking Karen off of medical support via the request of her parents)† (Armstrong). Albeit common tradition had seen â€Å"many (physicians) refuse to inflict an undesired prolongation of the process of dying on a patient in (an) irreversible condition,† most of these cases resulted from conditions in which the wishes of the patient were fairly clear (Supreme Court). The case of Karen Quinlan was not. Nevertheless, significant legal actions were taken—ultimately resulting in the legal illumination of an individual’s rights and responsibilities with respect to situations similar to Karen Quinlan’s. When her physician refused Mr. Quinlan’s request, he was told he would have to become legal guardian of Karen before his decision was considered. However, Mr. Quinlan’s plea was denied and a complete stranger received guardian status from the Superior Court of New Jersey. The State Attorney General intervened, and along with the hospital, treating physicians, and the county prosecutor, filed a suit against Mr. Quinlan. They argued that the Court had no jurisdiction to grant the Quinlan’s request, a person’s best interest is never served by allowing them to die, there is no constitutional right to die, the State’s interest in the preservation of life overrides the guarantees in the First and Eighth Amendments, granting the request would be against prevailing medical standards and ceasing treatment would be homicide if Karen died (Armstrong). The argument resulted in a ruling against the Quinlan family’s request.

Political Magazine: The Nations Essay -- Expository Politics Essays

Political Magazine: The Nations In 1865, a small political magazine was founded and given the name The Nation. This magazine was not meant to be a mainstream magazine that tries not to offend anyone. Rather The Nation was originally intended to provide the facts of the current issues and avoid exaggeration and political alliance with any party or sect. (The Nation’s founding prospectus, 1865) Nearly 140 years later, The Nation continues to raise eyebrows with its bold publications and political slant. Upon examining The Nation’s printed editorials and comments and the magazine’s website, it can easily be found that The Nation is a clearly liberal magazine as it has been for quite some time. In the February 18, 2002, edition of The Nation, the â€Å"Comment† section was overflowing with evidence of the magazines liberal stance. The entire column â€Å"Little but War Itself† was devoted to the disappointment of the magazine in President Bush and his State of the Union address. As the article points out, Bush seems to be an extremely meek President who does not want to say anything too risky. The author of this article, Robert L. Borosage writes, â€Å"Emboldened by success in war, Bush had little to offer but war itself† (4). This quote clearly illustrates how Borosage sees Bush as lacking the backbone to take any real stance despite his enormous approval rate brought on by the success of the United States in the War on Terrorism. Later in this article, Borosage describes Bush’s plans for the future as featuring â€Å"permanent tax cut for corporations, cuts not linked to new investment or new jobs – a simple payback to his contri butors† (4). This harsh criticism of President Bush depicts him as being more worried about returning p... ...is article could not scream the political orientation of The Nation any louder than it already does. This letter is written in the form of an open letter from Michael Moore to President Bush. The letter bluntly accuses Bush and his administration of being completely wrapped up in the Enron scandal not just involved in the scandal. It even goes so far as to say Bush allowed Enron officials to interview and pick government officials that would influence Enron and its business affairs. When reading a political news source it is important to know the political orientation of the source. The political orientation of a publication can usually be determined through examination of the opinions incorporated into the editorials and comments published. In the case of The Nation, the vast majority of articles presented offer a liberal view of the issue being discussed.

On Ayer and Sartre’s Philosophical Construct

At the onset of Ayer’s philosophical treatise, he clearly asserted that the absolute means of concluding the common philosophical disputes and cleavages is to elucidate the purpose of what is being asked, and then circumstantiate the property of philosophical enquiry through the utilization of logical constructs.Ayer defines logical construction as â€Å"if we can provide a definition in use showing how to get rid of a term ‘a’ in favor of other terms ‘b’, ‘c’, etc., then we may say that the thing supposedly referred to by ‘a’ is a logical construction out of the things referred to by ‘b’, ‘c’, etc. So, for example, tables are logical constructions out of sense-contents† (Ayer 3), which means that logical construction necessitates a referent of the object being perceive, thus metaphysical context is immaterial. Logical construction is the panacea for providing definitive definition for objects , which is also the ultimate task of philosophy.Logical construction for Ayer lays bare the foundation of proving the invalidity of metaphysics because the transcendent reality of such philosophy does not hold any truth at all, for intuition alone cannot suffice in concretizing that knowledge of it was deduced to man’s intuition and necessitated him to project the transcendent reality.This is a dismal argument for Ayer because it deems that every philosophical enquiry must start first on what the senses perceive. Thus in order for him to establish an argument that will lead to the elimination of metaphysics, as well as its other precepts such as intentionality, behavior and consciousness, Ayer intersperse logical construction in his treatise Language, Truth and Logic.For even if it is the case that the definition of a cardinal number as a class of classes similar to a given class is circular, and it is not possible to reduce mathematical notions to purely logical notions, it will still remain true that the propositions of mathematics are analytic propositions.They will form a special class of analytic propositions, containing special terms, but they will be none the less analytic for that. For the criterion of an analytic proposition is that its validity should follow simply from the definition of the terms contained in it, and this condition is fulfilled by the propositions of pure mathematics.[1]Ayer's counterarguments amount to an attempt to circumvent the intentionality of behavior by recourse to dispositions that can be defined as end-states of self-regulating systems.This is a modernized version of the old physicalist proposal to characterize motives not in terms of an intended meaning but as needs that we measure by organic states. Given this presupposition, we can describe the behavior to be analyzed without reference to the motive; the motive, which is also represented in observable behavior, can be understood as the initial condition in a lawf ul hypothesis and identified as the cause of the motivated behavior.I do not see, however, how the organic states, the needs, or the systemic conditions that represent end-states, thus the motives, are supposed to be describable at all on the level of social action without reference to transmitted meaning.Since, however, the description of motivated behavior itself also implies this meaning, that description cannot be given independently of motive. The proposed distinction between motive for behavior and motivated behavior itself remains problematic.[1] Ayer, A.J., Language, Truth and Logic. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, p. 108.

Essays: Political Philosophy and New York Essay

Course Rationale: The paper provides an understanding of evolution and transformation of international relations as a discipline. It tries to look at issues in international relations from a thematic backdrop by trying to address change and continuity in the same. From a conceptual background, the paper identifies principal actors and some of the processes that are key to contemporary international relations. Course Content: Lectures 1. Nature and Scope of International Relations : Understanding International Relations, Evolution of the discipline, Its interdisciplinary nature. (10) 2. Approaches and Theories of International Relations: Classical and Scientific; Realism and Idealism, NeoLiberal and Neo Realist. (14) 3. Actors in International Relations: State and State System, State and Globalisation and Non-State (International NGOs & MNCs) (12) 4. War and Conflict: Nature and Causes; Traditional & Non- Traditional Threats to society, Changing nature of conflict(14) PS 7: Western Political Thinkers (Plato to John Locke) Course Rationale: The paper seeks to provide a critical understanding of the main philosophical themes in Western Political thought as represented by select thinkers from the early Greek period to the modern period. It emphasizes on both the life and works of the thinkers linking it to the dominant paradigms of the time. Course Content: Lectures 1. Plato: Life and works; the Republic – Justice, Education, Communism, Philosopher King: Rule of Law. (10) 2. Aristotle: Life and works; State; Classification of Governments, Revolution; Citizenship; Family and Property; Slavery; Education. (10) 3. Niccolo Machiavelli: Life and works; Human Nature, Prince; Religion and Politics; Government; Realism. (10) 4. Thomas Hobbes: Life and works; Social Contract, Sovereignty. (10) 5. John Locke: Life and works; Social Contract Theory; Sovereignty; Natural Rights; Theory of Consent, Right to rebel. (10) PS 8: INDIAN ADMINISTRATION Course Rationale: This course would enable students to understand and analyse the structural and organizational framework of the Indian Administration. It does this by focusing on both the evolution of the public services and the reforms that are required in a liberalizing era. Course Content: Lectures 1. Indian Administration: Integrity and Transparency, Forms; Causes and remedies of Administrative Corruption, Offices of Lokpal and Lokayuta, Right to Information Act 2005. (13) 2. Planning and Administration: Socio economic objectives of planning, Planning Commission, National Development Council, Decentralised planning. (13) 3. Basic Public Services: Education, Health, Sanitation, and Housing. (Case studies) (12) 4. Reforming Public Administration: Good Governance, Privatization and Competition. (12) Readings for PS 5 & PS 8: 1. Public Administration and Public Affairs, Nicholas Henry – 8th edition 2. Public Administration – A Avasthi and S. R. Maheshwari 3. Administrative in Changing Society Bureaucracy & Politics in India – C. P. Bhambri. 4. Public Administrative – A. R. Tyagi 5. Public Administration – N. B. P. Sharma 6. Modern Public administration — – F. A.. Nigro and L. S. Nigro 7. Introduction to the study of Public administration N. O. White 8. Indian administration — S. S. Maheshwari 8. P. H. Appleby, Policy and Administration, Alabama University of Albama Press, 1957. 9. A. Avasthi and S. R. Maheswari, Public Administration, Agra, Lakshmi Narain Aggarwal, 1996. 10. D. D. Basu, Administrative Law, New Delhi, Prentice Hall, 1986. 11. C. P. Bhambri, Administration in a Changing Society: Bureaucracy and Politics in India, Delhi Vikas, 1991. 12. M. Bhattacharya, Public Administration: Structure, Process and Behaviour, Calcutta, The World Press, 1991. 13 . ————, Restructuring Public Administration: Essays in Rehabilitation, New Delhi,Jawahar, 1999. 14. M. E. Dimock and G. O. Dimock, Public Administration, Oxford, IBH Publishing Co. , 1975. 15. ———— Administrative Vitality: The Conflict with Bureaucracy, New York, Harper, 1959. 16. E. N. Gladden, The Essentials of Public Administration, London, Staples Press, 1958. 17. J. M. Gaus, A Theory of Organization in Public Administration, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1936. 18. J. La Palombara (ed. ), Bureaucracy and Political Development, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1967. 19. S. R. Maheshwari, Administrative Theories, New Delhi, Allied, 1994. 20. S. R. Nigam, Principles of Public Administration, Allahabad Kitab Mahal, 1980. 21. F. A. Nigro and L. S. Nigro, Modern Public Administration, New York, Harper and Row, 1984. 22. O. Glenn Stahl, Public Personnel Administration, New York, Harper & Brothers, 1956. 23. D. Waldo (ed), Ideas and Issues in Public Administration, New York, Mc Graw Hill, 1953. 24. N. D. White, Introduction to the Study of Public Administration New York, Macmillan, 1955. PS 9: International Institutions and Issues Course Rationale : The course specifically deals with some of the key international institutions and themes that have guided international relations in the recent times. It tries to look at both the organizational and policy issues relating to the institutions and seeks to bring out the concerns from a developing country perspective. Course Content: Lectures 1. International and Regional Institutions : IMF & WB, WTO, SAARC & EU (14) 2. Diplomacy: old and new, diplomatic immunities & privileges changing Nature of Diplomacy (12) 3. UN: Structure, functions & Reform (10) 4. Contemporary International Concerns: Terrorism, Environment and Refugees (14) Readings for PS 6 & PS 9: 1. Axelrod, The Evolution of Co-operation, New York, Basic Books, 1984. 2. A. Baldwin (ed. ), Neo-realism and Neo-liberalism, New York, Columbia University Press,1993. 3. —— (ed. ), Paradoxes of Power, New York, Basil Blackwell, 1989. 4. Bennett (ed.), Nuclear Weapons and the Conflict of Conscience, New York, Charles cribner’s Sons, 1962. 5. D. G. Brennan (ed. ), Arms Control, Disarmament and National Security, New York, George Braziller, 1961. 6. C. Brown, International Relations Theory, London, Harvester Wheatsheaf, . M de Bueno and D. Lalman, War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives,New Haven CT, Yale University Press, 1992. 7. H. Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, New York, Praeger, 1961. 8. ————, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, London, Macmillan,1977. 9. S. Burchill et. al. , Theories of International Relations, Hampshire, Macmillan, 2001. 10. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Year Crisis, London, Macmillan, 1939. 11. ————, Conditions of Peace, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1944. 12. I. Claude, Power and International Relations, New York, Random House, 1962. 13. K von Clausewitz, War, Politics and Power: Selections, Chicago, Henry Regnery Company, 1962. 14. A. A. Couloumbis and J. H. Wolf, Introduction to International Relations: Power and Justice,New York, Praegar, 1989. 15. W. D. Coplin, Introduction to International Politics, Chicago, Markham, 1971 K. W. Deutsch, The Analysis of International Relations, New Delhi, Prentice Hall, 1989. 16. J. E. Dougherty, How to think about Arms Control and Disarmament, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1962 17. ———— and R. L. Pfaltzfraff, Jr. , Contending Theories of International Relations, Philadelphia, 18. J. B. Lippincott Co. , 1970. 19. W. Epstein, Disarmament: 25 years of Effort, Toronto, Canadian Institute of International Affairs, 1971. 20. ————, The Last Chance: Nuclear Proliferation and Arms Control, New York, The Free Press, 1976. 21. R. A. Falk, Law, Morality and War in the Contemporary World, New York, Frederick A Praegar, 1963. 22. ————, Legal Order in a Violent World, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1968. 23. H. W. Forbes, The Strategy of Disarmament, Washington DC, Public Affairs Press, 1962. 24. J. Frankel, The Making of Foreign Policy, London, Oxford University Press, 1963. 25. —————, Contemporary International Theory and the Behaviour of States, New York, Oxford University Press, 1973. 26. J. Galtung, The True Worlds: A Transnational Perspective, New York, The Free Press, 1980. 27. F. I. Greenstein and N. W. Polsby, Theory of International Relations, Reading Massachusetts,Addison-Wesley, 1979. 28. S. H, Hoffman (ed. ), Contemporary Theory in International Relations, Englewood Cliifs NJ, Prentice Hall, 1960. 29. S. H. Hoffman, Essays in Theory and Politics of International Relations, Boulder Colorado, Westview Press, 1989. 30. K. J. Holsti, Why Nations Realign, London, Allen and Unwin, 1982. 31. ————, The Dividing Discipline, Boston, Allen and Unwin, 1985. 32. ————, Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order 1648-1989, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991. 33. A. Hurrell, â€Å"Collective Security and International Order Revisited† International Relations,Vol. II, No. 1, April. 34. C. W. Kegley and E. R. Wittkopf, World Politics: Trends and Transformation, New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1995. 35. G. Kennan, â€Å"Morality, Politics and Foreign Policy† in The Virginia Papers on the Presidency, edited by K. W. Thompson, Washington, University Press of America, 1979, pp. 3-30. 36. ————, The Nuclear Delusion, New York, Pantheon Books, 1982. 37. R. O. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, 38. Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1984. 39. ———— (ed. ), Neo-realism and Its Critics, New York, Columbia University Press, 1986. 40. ————, International Institutions and State Power, Boulder Colorado, Westview Press, 1989. 41. ———— and E. Ostrom (eds. ), Local Commons and Global Interdependence: Heterogeneity and Co-operation in Two Domains, London, Sage, 1994. S. D. Krasner (ed. ), International Regimes, Ithaca NY, Cornell University Press, 1983. 42. H. D. Lasswell, World Politics and Personal Insecurity, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1953. 43. L. L. Martin, Coercive Cooperation: Explaining Multilateral Economic Sanctions, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1992. 44. H. J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, 6th edn. , revised by K. W. Thompson, New York, Alfred Knopf, 1985. 45. F. S. Northedge, The International Political System, London, Faber and Faber, 1976. 46. W. C. Olson and A. J. R. Groom, International Relations: Then and Now, London, HarperCollins Academic, 1991 and M. Onuf, â€Å"The growth of a discipline reviewed† in International Relations, edited by S. Smith, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1985. 47. R. E. Osgood and R. W. Tucker, Force, Order and Justice, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press,1967. 48. E. Ostrom, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990. 49. K. A. Oye (ed. ), Co-operation Under Anarchy, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press,1986. 50. N. D. Palmer and H. Perkins, International Relations, Calcutta, Scientific Book Company,1971. 51. W. H. Riker, The Theory of Political Coalitions, New Haven CT, Yale University Press, 1962. 52. B. Rivlin, â€Å"Regional Arrangements and the UN System for Collective Security†, International Relations, Vol II, No. 2, August. 53. A. Roberts, â€Å"The UN and International Security†, Survival, Vol 35, No. 1, Spring. 54. J. N. Rosenau, International Studies and the Social Sciences, Beverly Hills California and London, Sage, 1973. 55. ————, World Politics: An Introduction, New York, The Free Press, 1976. 56. M. P. Sullivan, Theories of International Politics: Enduring Paradigm in a Changing World,Hampshire, Macmillan, 2001. 57. V. Van Dyke, International Politics, Bombay, Vakils, Feffer and Simons, 1969. 58. J. A. Vasquez, The Power of Power Politics, London, Frances Pinter, 1983. 59. ————, The War Puzzle, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993. 60. S. P. Verma, International System and the Third World, New Delhi, Vikas, 1988. 61. K. N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, Reading Massachusetts, Addison- Wesley, 1979. 62. ————, â€Å"The Emerging Structure of International Politics†, International Security, 18, 1993,pp. 44-79. 63. A. Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962. PS 10:Western Political Thinkers (Rousseau to Marx) Course Rationale : The course seeks to promote a critical understanding of the main philosophical themes in Western Political thought as represented by selected thinkers primarily from the modern period. It emphasizes on their life and works and their major theoretical and philosophical contributions. Course Contents: Lectures 1. Jean Jacques Rousseau: Life and works; Social Contract Theory; Theory of General Will; Popular Sovereignty. (10) 2. Edmund Burke: Life and works; Conservative Philosophy; State; Revolution; Blend of Liberalism and Conservatism. (10) 3. James Stuart Mill: Life and works; Liberty; Representative Government and Democracy; Individualism. (10) 4. George Wilhelm Fredrick Hegel: Life and works; History; Dialectic; Idealist Theory. (10) 5. Karl Marx: Dialectical Materialism ; Interpretation of History; Theory of Surplus Value; Class War; Dictatorship of the Proletariat ; Classless society (10). Readings for PS 7 & PS 10: 1. J. W. Allen, A History of Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century, London, Methuen, 1967. 2. A. Ashcraft, Revolutionary Politics and Locke’s Two Treatises of Government, London, Allen and Unwin, 1986. 3. ————, Locke’s Two Treatises of Government, London, Unwin and Hyman, 1987. 4. A. Avineri, The Social and Political Thought of K. Marx, New Delhi, S. Chand and Co. , 1979. 5. Sir E. Barker, The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle, New York, Dover Publications,1959. 6. ————, Greek Political Theory: Plato and His Predecessors, New Delhi, B.I. Publications, 1964. 7. ————, The Politics of Aristotle, translated with introduction, notes and appendix, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1995. 8. R. N. Berki, The History of Political Thought: A Short Introduction, London, Dent, 1977. Sir I. Berlin, The Hedgehog and the Fox, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1953. 9. ————, Karl Marx: His Life and Environment, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1963. 10. W. H. Bluhmn, Theories of Political System: Classics of Political Thought and Modern Political Analysis, Englewood Cliffs NJ, Prentice Hall, 1965. 12. J. Bowle, Western Political Thought: A Historical Introduction from the Origins to Rousseau,London, Jonathan Cape, 1947. 13. ————, Politics and Opinion in the Nineteenth Century: A Historical Introduction, London. Jonathan Cape, 1954. 14. C. Brinton, English Political Thought in the Nineteenth Century, London, Allen Lane, 1933. 15. J. Bronowski and B. Mazlish, Western Intellectual Tradition, Harmondsworth, Penguins, 1960. 16. K. C. Brown (ed. ), Hobbes’ Studies, Cambridge Massachusetts, Harvard University Press,1965. 17. J. H. Burns (ed.), The Cambridge History of Political Thought, 1450-1700, Cambridge,Cambridge University Press, 1991. 18. H. Butterfield, The Statecraft of Machiavelli, New York, Collier, 1962. 19. F. P. Canavan, The Political Reason of Edmund Burke, Durnham NC, Duke University Press,1960. 20. E. Cassirer, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press,1932. 21. ————, The Myth of the State, New Haven CT, Yale University Press, 1946. 22. G. Catlin, A History of Political Philosophers, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1950. 23. F. Chabod, Machiavelli and the Renaissance, translated by D. Moore, New York, Harper and Row, 1958. 24. J. W. Chapman, Rousseau- Totalitarian or Liberal, New York, Columbia University Press, 1956. 25. A. Cobban, Rousseau and the Modern State, London, Unwin University Books, 1964. 26. J. Coleman, A History of Political Thought: From Ancient Greece to Early Christianity,London, Blackwell, 2000. 27. L. Colletti, From Rousseau to Lenin: Studies in Ideology and Society, translated By J. Merrington and J. White, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1969. 28. D. Coole, Women in Political Theory: From Ancient Misogyny to Contemporary Feminism, New York, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993. 29. M. Cornforth, The Open Philosophy and the Open Society: A Reply to Sir Karl Popper’s Refutation of Marxism, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1968. 30. M. Cowling, Mill and Liberalism, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1963. 31. M. Cranston, (ed. ), Western Political Philosophers, London, Fontana, 1964. 32. R. Crossman, Plato Today, London, Allen and Unwin, 1939. 33. M. Curtis, The Great Political Theories 2 Vols. , New York, Avon, 1961. 34. W. L. Davidson, Political Thought in England: The Utilitarians from Bentham to Mill, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1957. 35. S. DeGrazia, Machiavelli in Hell, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1989. 36. P. Doyle, A History of Political Thought, London, Jonathan Cape, 1933. 37. J. A. Dunning, History and Political Theories, New York, Macmillan, 1902. 38. W. Ebenstein, Great Political Thinkers, New Delhi, Oxford & IBH, 1969. 39. J. B. Elshtain, Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought, Princeton 40. NJ, Princeton University Press, 1981. 41. M. B. Foster, W. T. Jones and L. W. Lancaster, Masters of Political Thought 3 Vols, London, George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd. , 1942, 1947 and 1959. 42. R. G. Gettel, History of Political Thought, New York, Novell & Co, 1924. 43. D. Germino, Modern Western Political Thought: Machiavelli to Marx, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1972. 44. W. H. Greenleaf, The British Political Tradition, 2 Vols, London, Methuen, 1983. 45 A. Hacker, Political Theory: Philosophy, Ideology, Science, New York, Macmillan, 1961. 46. E. Halevy, Growth of Philosophical Radicalism translated by M. Morris London, Faber & Faber, 1928. 47. J. H. Hallowell, Main Currents in Modern Political Thought, New York, Holt, 1960. 48. I. W. Hampsher-Monk, Modern Political Thought from Hobbes to Marx, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1992. 49. R. Harrison, Bentham, London, Routledge, 1983. 50. I. Kramnick, The Age of Edmund Burke: The Conscience of an ambivalent Conservative,New York, Basic Books, 1977. 51. G. Klosko, The Development of Plato’s Thought, London, Methuen, 1986. 52. H. J. Laski, Political Thought from Locke to Bentham, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1920. 53. P. Laslett, John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1960. 54. R. B. Levinson, In Defense of Plato, Cambridge Massachusetts, Harvard University Press,1953. 55. C. B. Macpherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke,Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1973. 56. K. Martin, French Liberal Thought in the Eighteenth Century, New York, New York University Press, 1954. 57. A. MacIntyre, A Short History of Ethics, New York, Macmillan, 1971. 58. C. C. Maxey, Political Philosophies, New York, Macmillan, 1948. 59. C. H. McIlwain, The Growth of Political Thought in the West, New York, Macmillan, 1932. 60. D. McLellan, Karl Marx: The First 100 Years, London, Fontana, 1983. 61. K. R. Minogue, Hobbes’ Leviathan, New York, Everyman’s Library 1977. 62. J. B. Morall, Political Thought in Medieval Times, New York, Harper Torchbooks, 1958. 63. S. Mukherjee and S. Ramaswamy, A History of Political Thought: Plato to Marx, New Delhi, Prentice Hall, 1999. 64. R. G. Mulgan, Aristotle’s Political Theory: An Introduction for Students of Political Theory,Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1977. 65. R. L. Nettleship, Lectures on Plato’s Republic, London, Macmillan, 1967. 66. M. Oakeshott, Hobbes on Civil Association, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1975. 67. S. M. Okin, Women in Western Political Thought, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1979. 68. C. Pateman, The Disorder of Women, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1993. 69. H. F. Pitkin, The Concept of Representation, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1967. 70. ————, Fortune is a Woman: Gender and Politics in the thought of Niccolo Machiavelli,Berkeley, University of California Press, 1984. 71. J. Plamentaz, Man and Society 2 Vols. , London, Longman, 1963. 72. J. G. A Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Republic Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1971. 73. Sir K. R. Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies 2 Vols. , London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1945. 74. P. Riley, Will and Legitimacy, Cambridge Massachusettes, Harvard University Press, 1980. 75. A. Ryan, J. S. Mill, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974. 76. B. Russell, History of Western Philosophy, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1961. 77. G. H. Sabine, History of Political Theory, 4th edn. , revised by T. L. Thorson, New Delhi,Oxford and IBH, 1973. 78. A. Saxonhouse, Women in the History of Political Thought: Ancient Greece to Machiavelli,New York, Praegar, 1985. 79. M. L. Shanley, and C. Pateman, Feminist Interpretation and Political Theory, Cambridge, Polity, 1991. 80. M. Q. Sibley, Political Ideas and Ideologies, New Delhi, Surjeet Publications, 1981. 81. T. A. Sinclair, A History of Greek Political Thought, London, Routledge, 1951. Q. Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, 2 Volumes, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990. 82. S. B. Smith, Hegel’s Critique of Liberalism, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1989. 83. Sir L. Stephen, History of English Thought in the 18th Century 2 Vols. , London, London School of Economics and Political Science, 1902. 84. L. Strauss, The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: Its Basis and Genesis, Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1936. 85. ————, Thoughts on Machiavelli, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1958. 86. ————, Studies in Platonic Political Philosophy, Chicago, Chicago University Press, 1964. 87. J. L. Talmon, The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy and Political Messianism: The Romantic Phase, London, Secker and Warburg, 1960. 88. T. L. Thorson, Plato: Totalitarian or Democrat, Englewood Cliffs NJ, Prentice Hall, 1963. 89. J. Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980. 90. C. E. Vaughan, Studies in the History of Political Philosophy before and after Rousseau, 91. Manchester UK, University of Manchester Press, 1925. 92. H. Warrender, The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: His Theory of Obligation, Oxford, The Clarendon Press 1957. 93. N. Warburton, J. Pike and D. Matravers, Reading Political Philosophy: Machiavelli to Mill, London, Routledge in association with Open University, 2000. 94. S. Wolin, Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought, Boston,Little Brown, 1960. PS 11: Indian Political Thinkers (Manu to Azad) Course Rationale: The purpose of this paper is to enlighten the students about Indian thinkers from ancient to modern times. It seeks to understand their seminal contribution to the evolution of political theorizing in India. It critically assesses their contribution and explains their relevance to contemporary times Course Content: Lectures 1. Manu: Life & Works ; Manu’s State, Theory of Danda, Manu’s Foreign Policy. (12) 2. Kautilya: Early Life & Works ; State craft, Diplomacy (12) 3. Swami Vivekananda: Early Life, Hinduism as a Universal Religion, Contribution to Metaphysics (08) 4. Tilak and Aurobindo: Early life, Tilak’s Religious ideas, Tilak’s Philosophy of Reform, Political Philosophy of Tilak , Indian Extremist Nationalism. Aurobindo’s Early life & Works , Epistemological Foundations of Politics, Philosophy of Sate, Nation- Building (10) 5. Maulana Azad : Life and Works, Political Ideas (08) PS 12: Government and Politics of Goa : Pre Statehood Course Rationale: The course seeks to give the students an insight into pre-colonial & post colonial institutions in Goa. It provides the historical background and political evolution in Goa leading from the liberation to the pre state-hood period, focusing on both political leaders and the parties. Course Content: Lectures 1. Goa -A Historical Overview: Gaunkari system, Portuguese Colonial period, Salazarist Dictatorship & Struggle for liberation. (10) 2. Issues of Transition: Integration of Goa; Ist Assembly Elections, Controversy over Political Future, Opinion poll. (10) 3. Emergence & growth of Political Parties: Indian National Congress, Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party, United Goans Party, Bharitiya Janata Party, Assembly Elections 1963-1984. (12) 4. Goan Politics: Union Territory Phase I: Bandodkar Government: Consolidation of Institutions, Phase II : Shashikala Government: Erosion of Bahujan Politics, Phase III: Rane Government: Emergence of National Parties. (18) PS 13: COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT (Governments of U. K, U. S. A, Russia, China, Switzerland & France) Course rationale: This paper studies the major constitutions of the world by adopting a comparative approach. The constitutional and legal provisions, the ideological basis, the institutional arrangement and their social and economic background are to be explained, analyzed and evaluated critically. The comparative perspective enables the students to understand the differences and similarities between the various constitutional arrangements. Course Content: Lectures. 1) Importance of Comparative Government and Politics: Approaches to the study of Comparative Politics: – Systems Approach, Structural & Functional Approach, Marxist Approach. (12) 2) Constitutions : Evolution and Nature (U. S. A , U. K & CHINA) (10) 3) Executive: Prime Minister & Cabinet(U. K), President and Cabinet (U. S. A), President and State Council(China), Plural Executive (Switzerland ), Presidential and Parliamentary Executive(France and Russia). (14) 4) Legislature: Parliament(UK) , Congress (USA), National Peoples Congress(China), relationship with the Executive in terms of separation of powers. (14) PS 14: Indian Political Thinkers (Gokhale to Ambedkar) Course Rationale: The Course seeks to familiarize students with the major contributions of the key modern Indian political thinkers. It focuses on their life and work and outlines their key political and philosophical ideas that shaped modern India. Course Rationale: Lectures 1. G. K. Gokhale: Early life & Work ,Political Thought (08) 2. Mahatma Gandhi : Early life & Works , Idealism & Ethics, Philosophy of Politics, Swaraj & Satyagraha. (12) 3. Jawaharlal Nehru: Early life & Works, Political Ideas, Panchaseel, Socialism & Secularism (12). 4. M. N. Roy: Early Life & Works, Roy’s views on the Russian Revolution & Marxism Radical Humanism & Scientific Politics. (10) 5. B. R. Ambedkar : Early life & Works , Sociological and Political views, Abdedkar & the Dalits (08) Readings for PS 11 & PS 14: 1. A. S. Altekar, State and Government in Ancient India, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1966. 2. A. Appadorai, Documents on Political Thought in Modern India, 2 vols. Bombay Oxford University Press, 1970. 3. J. Bandhopadhyaya, Social and Political Thought of Gandhi, Bombay, Allied, 1969. 4. J. V. Bondurant, Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict, Berkeley,University of California Press, 1965. 5. D. M. Brown, The White Umbrella: Indian Political Thought from Manu to Gandhi, Berkeley,University of California Press, 1953. 6. R. J. Cashman, The Myth of the ‘Lokmanya’ Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharasthra, 7. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1975. 8. B. Chandra, Nationalism and Colonialism in Modern India, Delhi, Vikas, 1979. 9. K. Damodaran, Indian Thought: A Critical Survey, London, Asia Publishing House, 1967. 10. T. de Bary, Sources of Indian Tradition, New York, Columbia University Press, 1958. 11. D. G. Dalton, India’s Idea of Freedom: Political Thought of Swami Vivekananda, Aurobindo Ghose, Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore, Delhi, Academic Press, 1982. 12. A. R. Desai, Social Background of Indian Nationalism, Bombay, Popular, 1954. 13. R. P. Dutt, India Today, Calcutta, Manisha, 1970. 14. A. T. Embree (ed. ), Sources of Indian Tradition: from the Beginning to 1800, India, Penguin Books, 1991. 15. S. Ghose, The Renaissance to Militant Nationalism, Bombay, Allied Publishers, 1969. 16. ————, Socialism, Democracy and Nationalism in India, Bombay, Allied Publishers, 1973. 17. ————, Modern Indian Political Thought, Delhi, Allied, 1984. 18. U. N. Ghoshal, A History of Indian Political Ideas, London, Oxford University Press, 1959. 19. J. P. Haithcox, Communism and Nationalism in India: M. N. Roy and Comitern Policy, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1971. 20. S. Hay, Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan, India, Penguin Books, 1991. 21. C. Heimsath, Indian Nationalism and Social Reform, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1964. 22. R. Iyer, The Moral and Political Thought of Mahatma Gandhi, Delhi, Oxford University Press,1973. 23. K. P. Jayaswal, Hindu Polity, Calcutta, Butterworth, 1924. 24. K. N. Kadam (ed. ), Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, New Delhi, Sage, 1992. 25. R. P. Kangle, Arthashastra of Kautilya, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1965. 26. M. J. Kanetkar, Tilak and Gandhi: A Comparative Study, Nagpur, Author, 1935. 27. V. B. Karnik, M. N. Roy: Political Biography, Bombay, Jagriti, 1978. 28. K. P. Karunakaran, Modern Indian Political Tradition, New Delhi, Allied Publishers, 1962. 29. ————, Religious and Political Awakening in India, Begum Bridge, Meenakshi Prakashanm 1969. 30. ————, Indian Politics from Dadabhai Naoroji to Gandhi: A Study of Political Ideas of Modern India, New Delhi, Gitanjali, 1975. 31. ————, Gandhi- Interpretations, New Delhi, Gitanjali Publishing House, 1985. 32. D. G. Karve, and D. V. Ambedkar, Speeches and Writings of Gopal Krishna Gokhale,Bombay, Asia, Publishing House, 1966. 33. U. Kaura, Muslims and Indian Nationalism, New Delhi, Manohar, 1977. 34. V. P. Luthra, The Concept of Secular State and India, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1964. 35. V. R. Mehta, Foundations of Indian Political Thought, New Delhi, Manohar, 1992. 36. B. B. Majumdar, Militant Nationalism in India and Its Socio-Religious Background 1897-1917, Calcutta, General Printers, 1960. 37. M. Mohanty, Revolutionary Violence: A Study of the Marxist Movement in India, New Delhi,Sterling, 1977. 38. S. Mukherjee, Gandhian Thought: Marxist Interpretation, New Delhi Deep & Deep, 1991. 39. B. R. Nanda, Gokhale, Gandhi and the Nehrus: Studies in Indian Nationalism, London, Allen and Unwin, 1974. 40. ————, Gandhi and His Critics, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1985. 41. J. Nehru, Discovery of India, London, Meridian Books, 1956. 42. G. Omvedt, Dalits and the Democratic Revolution: Dr. Ambedkar and the Dalit Movement in Colonial India, New Delhi, Sage, 1994. 43. G. D. Overstreet and M. Windmiller, Communism in India, Bombay, Perennial, 1960. 44. T. Pantham, and K. Deustch (eds. ), Political Thought in Modern India, New Delhi, Sage, 1986. 45. B. Parekh, Colonialism, Tradition and Reform: Analysis of Gandhi’s Political Discourse, New Delhi, Sage, 1989. 46. ———— and T. Pantham (eds. ), Political Discourse: Exploration in Indian and Western Political Thought, New Delhi, Sage, 1987. 47. S. Radhakrishnan, Eastern Religion and Western Thought, London, Oxford University Press,1940. 48. Swami Ranganathananda, Swami Vivekananda: His Humanism, Moscow State University Lecture, Calcutta, Advaita Ashram, 1991. 49. N. R. Ray (ed. ), Raja Rammohan Roy: A Bi-centenary Tribute, Calcutta, Asiatic Society,1975. 50. D. P. Roy, Leftist Politics in India: M. N. Roy and the Radical Democratic Party, Calcutta,Minerva, 1989. 51. S. H. Rudolph and L. I. Rudolph, Gandhi- The Traditional Roots of Charisma, Chicago,University of Chicago Press, 1983. 52. J. Sarkar, India Through the Ages: A Survey of the Growth of Indian Life and Thought,Calcutta, M. C. Sarkar and Sons, 1928. 53. S. Sarkar, Bengal Renaissance and Other Essays, New Delhi, People’s Publishing House, 1970. 54. B. S. Sharma, The Political Philosophy of M. N. Roy, Delhi, National Publishing House, 1965. 55. J. Spellman, The Political Theory of Ancient India, Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1964. 56. A. Tripathi, The Extremist Challenge, Bombay, Allied, 1967. 57. V. P. Verma, Studies in Hindu Political Thought and Its Metaphysical Foundations, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1974. 58. S. A. Wolpert, Tilak and Gokhale, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1962. 59. G. Woodcock, Mohandas Gandhi, London, Fontana, 1971. PS 15: Government and Politics of Goa: Post Statehood. Course Rationale: This course seek to provide an understanding of the evolution of the political processes , structures & social.